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essays in biography john maynard keynes
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John Maynard Keynes
John Maynard Keynes was born in 1883 which means he lived around the same time period as the seven creative individuals which Howard Gardner chose to focus on in his book Creating Minds. I chose to look at the life of Maynard Keynes because it is such a fascinating and diverse one. While entailing some of the same features found in the lives of those Gardner focused on, Maynard's life includes a lot of differences and adds some interesting twists as well. It can only be beneficial and interesting to see how this creative individual fits into Gardner's model. Keynes was one of the most influential economists of the twentieth century, and one of only a handful of social scientists who, through their writings, have significantly affected the course of history. His influence on economics was so great that the boom the Western industrial countries experienced between 1945 and 1975 has been termed the "Age of Keynes." When beginning to see how Keynes came to have such an impact and how he fits into Gardner's model, we must first introduce a little bit of his background and his life. The fifty or so years before the writing of The General Theory, which is perhaps Keynes most revolutionary book, plays a large role in how this work came about.
John Maynard Keynes was born in Cambridge, the oldest son of John Neville Keynes and Florance Ada Keynes. The lineage of these two people is very impressive, as are the people themselves. At the time of his son's birth, John Neville Keynes was a lecturer of political economy at Cambridge and eventually went on to become the university's chief administrative official. Florance Ada was a graduate of Newnham college in Cambridge and a pioneer of social work for the city. She...
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... to maintaining high levels of employment. It was published at a time conducive to economic change, the inter-war period, when economic theory was in need of reform. Following its publication he became the most influential figure in British economic policy having a whole era bere his name for eternity.
From his secure middle class family and his elite education at Eaton and Cambridge, to his close friendship with the Bloomsbury circle, Keynes had confidence to depart from the normal to develop his full creative ability and change the way economists think. His heritage gave him a strong sense of responsibility which explains his dedication to matters of statsmanship. He became interested in perserving traditions of social life which sustained freedom of belief, of action, of individuality; he became a creative genius.
Today, we are all Keynsians - Richard Nixon
Before the introduction of Keynesian economics and Milton Friedman’s Monetarism theory, there was classical economics. These economists believed in self-adjusting market mechanisms, however with that the market needs perfect competition. Wages and prices in the market must be flexible. These economists believe that supply and demand pulls would always help the economy reach full employment.
Keynes’ work: The Means to Prosperity, and The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money created modern macroeconomics and influenced countries during the 1930s and 1940s towards interventionist policy and economic nationalism (Yergin, 1998.) His ideology and work led him to orchestrate the Bretton Woods conference in 1944 which, “contributed greatly to the golden age of controlled capitalism (where) even the most conservative political parties in Europe and the United States embraced some version of state interventionism” (Steger, 2003.) The Bretton Woods regime fell during the early 1970’s but Keynes economic ideology would not be abandoned until the adoption of Reagan’s Neoliberalism and the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s (Steger, 2003.) Keynesian economic ideology was the predominating economic theory during Gilpin’s life and would contribute greatly to his claim of world economic nationalism.
First, Tim Wise points out that white people often deny white privilege and the experiences of people of color. He
McIntosh’s article describes a systematic unearned advantage and conferred dominance that has its roots in our society and systems that feed into white males having the advantage. The only way to eradicate discrimination of gender and race is to open the eyes of society at large. There are invisible rules that fill up the “invisible knapsack” that equip the white privileged individual as to how to survive and promote.
Both points serve McIntosh’s objective of making clear that the notion of white privilege is not a myth. Due to the socially constructed and arbitrary nature of ideologies concerning race (a biological, phenotypic/ (physical) expression of human features) the highly immoral and nonsensical practice [whether recognized or not] of white supr...
Peggy McIntosh wrote this article to identify how her white privilege effects her life. Each statement is written as a privilege that Ms. McIntosh does not need to consider or fear as a white woman. From financial credibility to national heritage, this article makes a valid point regarding the way white people can be arrogant and naïve when the same treatment is not being given to their neighbors, coworkers, and peers. There can be two responses when reading this. The first would be a person of color. They will appreciate the attempt at realization of what white people take for granted. The second would be the reality that smacks the white people in the face when they realize how true all 50 statements are. Once this begins to sink in, many will start to broaden their competence realizing the unfair treatment of the people in this world. Moving down the timeline, we can see how the acknowledgement can mend broken relationships. Owning the reality and doing something to change it can give the people of different races the treatment they deserve (McIntosh,
The concept of white privilege is one which causes strong emotional reactions from those on either sides of the argument. White privilege is often misunderstood by those who benefit from it. These benefiters, such as Princeton student Tal Fortgang, discredit the notion of white privilege because it lessens, “everything I have personally accomplished, all the hard work I have done in my life, and for ascribing all the fruit I reap not to the seeds I sow but to some invisible patron saint of white maleness who places it out before I even arrive,” (Fortgang). What arguers fail to understand, however, is that white privilege does not solely operate on an anecdotal or personal basis. Every person holds their own background of hardships and hoops to jump through in order to be successful. This concept is true for people of all skin tones. White privilege,
A true democracy is nearly impossible to attain since the ancient Athenians. However, many countries have tried very hard to get democratic governmental systems up and running. Operating a democratic government requires many different aspects of the nation to run efficiently. One of the many ingredients to a well-run democracy is a politically active and participant citizen population. Without a high count of political participation and a complete use of free speech and freedom of the press, no country can be deemed democratic. This essay will assess the level of democracy in powerful nations like Russia, the U.K, and Pakistan, and argue why democracy is influenced greatest by both an active and a politically participant citizen population and a right to free speech.
Ziad K. Abdelnour, the CEO of a private investment firm, states that, “Trust is earned, respect is given, and loyalty is demonstrated. Betrayal of any one of those is to lose all three.” This quote in two sentences speaks volume to the reader. Trust is an important and key component to any relationship. Whether you are married, have a mutual relationship, a friendship, or just a family member; trust plays a key part in the relationship. Without trust relationships crumble.
Let’s get started with Adam Smith and his second coming. Adam smith was one of the greatest economics minds that have ever existed, teaching us that our wealth is not just in gold and silver but in the products that we produce and commerce we engage in! Much like today we can understand the idea of Gross National Product and how we can better adjust our habits and ourselves. Smith unlike most economists of that age understood the value in hard work and social aspect behind our decisions.
Adam Smith was a man of many achievements. As a Scottish philosopher and political economist he became famous by his classical and influential books. In 1759 he wrote a book called “The Theory of Mortal Sentiments”and in 1775 he wrote another called “An Inquiry to the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations”. Known as the “father of modern economics” Adam Smith has greatly influenced society. Adam Smith’s history impacted the way that our society is today. Adam’s childhood, environment, education and events throughout his life contributed to the way that we view society. With Adam’s theories and great works he molded a pathway to different stand points on the public and its society. Among his great works are the wealth of nations and inquiry to the nature and causes of the wealth of nations alongside the theory Adam named the invisible hand. Adam also thought about the public from an economic and political stand point. Due to factors that influenced Adam’s early life, he was able to learn from those before him to become the great economist, politician, and philosopher that he was. This way, even though Adam Smith lived during the time of the scientific revolution his words of wisdom in politics and the economy are still used today in the public.
In order to understand how economics really work in today’s age we must think about how those economic ideas, revolutionary theories of many economists, that helped to shape the economic structure as we know it now, through many individuals and school of economic though that has existed through the ages. These schools are “the mercantilists, the physiocrats, the classical economists, Marxian economics, the neoclassical economists and the monetarist economics. For this essay I will only refer to the classical economists and the neoclassical economists.
The current challenges of democracy around the world should prioritize each encounter that should be addressed through networks, global gatherings, and various activities. As a continuous concern, the progress of democracy discusses various strategies and activities. These various strategies and activities lead to lessons that are learned in advancing democracy, making democracy deliver, strengthening democratic fundamentals, and more current challenges. Democracy faces threats from every spectrum as the threats surge the need to reinforce democratic forces through aid and greater international solidarity. Each country reflects on a certain assessment towards the current status of democracy.
The foundation of the modern political system was laid in the times when the world was strangled in slavery. In those moments, enlightened minds in Greek came up with the new system that was there to remain for the next thousands of years. This system, now known as democracy, is a form of government in which supreme power is vested to the people themselves. People have the right to elect their leaders directly or indirectly through a scheme of representation usually involving periodically held free elections. A new democratic government is usually established after every 4-5 years, and it is trusted with the responsibility to cater to the needs of all the people irrespective of the fact that they voted for them or not. Although the minorities may not be very pleased with the idea of democracy, however, a democratic government is certainly the best because it establishes social equality among people, reduces the conflicts in the state to a minimum, gives the chance to vote repeatedly, and creates patriotism.
Actually, democracy is deemed to be a difficult form of government regardless if it is favourable circumstances or not. It seems to be all the more difficult when society’s economic environment is weak, civil society is still developing, and finally ...