Lateritic Soils in the Tropics: The Problems and Management Possibilities
The soil name "laterite" comes from a Latin word "later" meaning brick. It is an appropriate name, as soils under this classification are characterized by forming hard, impenetrable and often irreversible pans when dried (Soils and Soil Fertility 1993). Lateritic soils are also characterized by their low soil fertility. Due to the high rate of weathering, and resulting low charge minerals, the soil is unable to retain the nutrients needed for plant growth (Ibid., Coleman 1989).
Laterite soils have many names. In the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization they have been named Ferralsols and Acrisols, and in the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Taxonomy, Oxisols and Ultisols. Ferralsols, like Oxisols have high iron and aluminum oxide contents, whereas Acrisols and Ultisols are characterized by extreme stages of weathering (Oades 1989).
Below, we take a look at the formation of lateritic soils, the importance of biota for soil fertility and some suggestions for laterite management.
Soil Formation
Both climate and parent material are important in the pedogenic processes which go into the formation of lateritic soils. Laterite soils are formed in moist, well-drained, tropical conditions (usually in areas with a significant dry season) on a variety of different types of rocks with high iron content. (See Appendix 1.) Initial stages of weathering lead to the formation of kaolinite and iron oxyhydroxides. Micro and macro-level movements of iron through soil minerals also begins to occur (Nahon 1986).
Next, mottled clay layers are formed. Iron oxyhydroxides continue to migrate within the soil profile, becoming more crysta...
... middle of paper ...
...69 - 190.
- Oades, J. Malcolm, Gavin P. Gillman, and Goro Uehara with Nguyen V. Hue, Meine van Noordwijk, G. Philip Robertson and Koji Wada. " Interactions of Soil Organic Matter and Variable-Charge Clays" IN: " In: David C. Coleman, J. Malcolm Oades and Goro Uehara (eds.), Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter in Tropical Ecosystems: Hawaii, NifTAL Project University of Hwawii Press, 1989. p. 69 - 95.
- Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda For Agriculture, Committee on Long-Range Soil and Water Conservation, Board on Agriculture., National Research Council: Washington D.C., National Academy Press, 1993. p. 218.
- Soils and Soil Fertility, Frederick R. Troeh and Louis M. Thompson (eds.), New York, Oxford University Press, 1993. p. 311, 321 - 322.
- Wambeke, Armand Van. Soils of the Tropics: Properties and Appraisal: New York, McGraw Hill Inc, 1992. p. 139 - 161.
Historically, much information about the role of women came out of Athens, where women were expected to center their life around oikos, or the 'home', where a woman would cook, manage servents, raise childen, and complete other household tasks (Frost 1997). The first woman to irrationally transgress this role in the Aeneid is Helen, who is the object of Aeneas' rage in Book II. Aeneas first characterizes Helen as “terrified of... her abandoned husband” and he feels a burning desire to “...Avenge my fallen town and punish Helen's whorishness”. He assigns blame for the fall of Troy to Helen, and the only reason Aeneas does not harm Helen is at the insistence of his mother, Venus, who reminds him that it is the “the harsh will of the gods.” (Damrosch and Pike, 2009)
1865 to a series of plots to abduct Lincoln and use his capture to nullify the Union’s war aims. Every
...re still some Confederate soldiers in the South. I also realized that not only the president was suppose to be murder, but also the Vice President and Secretary of State. There was a greater extent to what was put into the plot than I realized.
...cFadden, Leslie D., 1988, Climatic Influences on rates and processes of soil development in Quaternary deposits of Southern California: Geological Society of America Special Paper 216, p. 153-175
The first Element is the Tone. The tone of a poem is very important. It sets the mood for the reader. In “Nighttime Fires” the reader can come to realize that the tone may be glum. If the reader would first take the word nighttime and we can figure out that it is not going to be a bright sunny happy poem, because night gives a short of dark and dreary mood to it. Next we have Fires; fires are usually not good, unless planned. When we see the word fire, we can tell that it may bright up this night. Once we get passed the title, Barreca opens up with: “…we drove to see nighttime fires. Piled seven of us, all pajamas and running noses…drove fast toward smoke (Barreca).” The tone is now officially set. They are piled into a car in their pajamas, so we know this was not planned. The tone seems sort of rushed now. Not only are they all crammed into the car, but they are then speeding down the road to get to this fire. Next we have “he woke my mother, and she pushed and shoved us all into waking (Barreca).” Again, it is becoming clear this was not planned. Now, saying this tone is rushed, does not mean it is frightening. None of the words seem to show signs of fear, it al...
If you had the chance to enjoy the Starbucks experience, then you will appreciate their mission statement, which is , According to starbucks.com, it states, that it is “To inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time”.
Female characters who take on more active and independent roles frequently do so through their sexuality, one of the few instruments of agency at their disposal. These women are portrayed as temptresses who are obstacles to be overcome by the male heroes; hence, an antagonistic role. An example of this is the Aeneid’s Dido, the powerful independent queen who exerts power over Aeneas through seduction, tempting him to remain in Carthage rather than follow his fate, and so making her an (inadvertent) antagonist. Describing her suicide, Vergil states “Dido was dying a death that was neither deserved nor predestined, but premature: a poor woman, swept up by the quick fire of madness,” (4.696-697). Here Dido displays great agency by controlling her own fate, but this agency is self-destructive, suggesting that women cannot use agency for good ends. The Odyssey also shows the vilification of powerful women using their sexuality, when Agamemnon says of his wife “But now, in the depth of her villainy, she has branded with infamy not herself alone but the whole of her sex, even the
(Ant)arctic (high-latitude) and alpine (mountain) areas are affected by relatively similar climates, as latitude and altitude produce similar meteorologic effects. In these geographic regions where temperature is at such a pronounced extreme, climate would seem to be the leading factor of soil development. It is my goal in this research paper to answer the following question: How do the soils of arctic and alpine areas differ? This idea, taken largely from an abstract by Birkeland (1975), will be explored through the comparison of the soils of these two geographic regions, and an analysis of the soil development factors in those environments.
There are so many varieties of dog breeds to choose from. All breeds have their own special traits, but there is one in particular that sticks out; the Chinese Crested. The Chinese Crested has caused a greater division of opinion than any other breed. Few are indifferent to it, but it is usually either loved or hated. (Fogle, 1995, p.539) The Crested has often been dismissed as inadequate due to its physical appearance, but over the years has managed to survive and grow in popularity.
The gender roles in Vergil’s Aeneid are a complex composition that can be read differently from varying contextual views. Particularly nuanced is his representation of female characters, both goddess and mortal. The intricacy of this representation stems from the dichotomy of a modern reading compared to the contemporary values of the time. Current values and norms have socialized the modern viewer to view Vergil’s female representations through culturally constructed roles, or tropes. Juno and Venus both exemplify traits that a modern viewer may identify as that of a woman scorned. Similarly, Dido and Amata reflect the typical characterization of the hysterical woman. It is these culturally constructed concepts that are subliminally framing the work for the modern reader that can cause a discrepancy in representation. Therefore, readers can interpret that Vergil is depicting the female characters as irrational, and are a stark contrast to the males of the epic, particularly Aeneas. However, contemporary values revealed that the motivations of the female characters were in fact normal. Pietas, the Roman value that called for devotion to the state, gods, and family, can be seen as the catalyst of action for all of the female characters. Consequently, the female characters actually embody many of the same values of Aeneas. For this reason, modern viewers can be faced with difficulty determining the representation of women in the Aeneid. Throughout the epic, Vergil seems to portray women as irrational and meddlesome from a modern point of view. However, their motivations are driven by virtues of devotion that were typically accepted by contemporary standards and associated with men as represented in the epic, such as Aeneas.
The rich dark soil of Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Kansas, and Colorado—an area also known as the Great Plains—formed from thousands of years of soil forming factors in action (Surviving the Dust Bowl). From the beginning of human populations living in the area, the soils, for the most part, remained untouched and unscathed by the plow. Thick prairie grasses covered the area and held the soils in the ground even during the periodic times of drought. This area of land was suitable for grazing practices and it was in this area that the large cattle ranches flourished. Little did the newly arrived farmers realize that this seemingly plentiful land followed a pattern of several years of rain followed by several years of drought and high winds.
Women are portrayed throughout history as subordinate to the males. Virgil proposes that the root of Aeneas’ troubles result from petty conflict between the goddesses. He also utilizes the character Dido to encompass the idea that women are strongly swayed by emotion. In The Aeneid, Virgil proposes that women serve as a weaker counterpart to Aeneas as they are irrational and easily overcome by emotion, which allows Aeneas to be perceived as more powerful.
What is soil? “Soil is a complex mixture of eroded rock, mineral nutrients, decaying organic matter, water, air, and billions of living organisms, most of them microscopic decomposers.” (Miller and Spoolman, 211). As stated, soil is made when a mixture of items such as eroded rock and mineral nutrients come together. Soil is used in a plethora of ways. Soil is where many of the nutrients plants need to grow comes from, soil purifies water, and even absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to be stored as carbon compounds (Miller and Spoolman, 211). Scientists study soil to develop a better understanding how this crucial factor in human’s survival functions and how to make sure humans don’t waste this precious resource (Miller and Spoolman, 211).
The Starbucks Corporation is built around an experience, the Starbucks experience. While the Starbucks experience is most notably associated with the way customers are treated, one could argue however, that the Starbucks experience transcends just the way customers are treated. The Starbucks experience is an all encompassing culture that revolves not just around customers but also to employees, or “partners” and suppliers. Burks (2009) notes that the company cares about the footprint it leaves, no matter where it does business; “the company is dedicated to making positive contributions to the communities where it doe...
As a result of this process, the mine sites "do not develop normal soil structure or support the establishment of a plant cover". Many mine sites have...