The Oedipus Complex - Sigmund Freud vs. Jacques Lacan The story of Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus has been interpreted by innumerable writers, philosophers, and critics in countless ways; the methods of interpreting Oedipus vary from mad rages and blind accusations to ignorantly perverse acts ranging from basic sexual desire to pre-destined fate ordained by the gods. Perhaps the most famous psychoanalyst in history Sigmund Freud theorized that Oedipus' story was applicable to all. French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan translated Freud into French and, though Lacan claimed to agree completely with Freud's ideas, he substantially changed Freud's theories. As Jurgen Braungardt says, "Lacan performs a renovation: he replaces the foundation of the theory, but retains the surface." The irony of this is that Lacan's interpretations solve the main problems of Freud's theories. According to Freud, sexual desire is the center of everything. Every action we take and every word we speak has an underlying, perhaps subconscious, sexual theme as its driving force. The first stage in Freud's Oedipus Complex is the oral stage. In the example given by Tom Davis, an English professor at Birmingham University, "the child is in a state of sexual bliss: at the mother's breast, receiving nourishment, in a sexual relationship not only with his mother, but, he thinks, the whole world." After the oral stage comes the anal stage: in this stage the child learns that he cannot always do what he wants when he wants to. Eventually the child reaches the genital stage, that is, he becomes aware of his own penis. About this time, he also realizes that girls don't have penises and irrationally concludes that they have been castrated by Daddy to prevent... ... middle of paper ... ...smaller but clearly important role. Of equal importance, Lacan's theory is easily applicable to either gender. Mirrors work for male or female and a child of either sex can surely feel a desire to return to the safety and comfort of the mother's breast. In conclusion, I believe that Freud's Oedipus Complex was incomplete due to limited scope and sexism. Lacan's interpretation addresses these issues, creating a more versatile and acceptable Oedipus Complex. Works Cited Braungardt, Jurgen. Theology After Lacan: A Psychoanalytic Approach. 1999. U of Pennsylvania. 9 Nov. 2000 http://dept.english.upenn.edu/.../theology.html. Davis, Tom. The Theories of the Mind Lectures. Ed. G. Baston. Birmingham University. 9 Nov. 2000 http://www.bham.ac.uk/english/bibliography/CurrentCourses/Freud/. Lee, Jonathan Scott. Jacques Lacan. Boston: Twayne Publishers,1990.
In “The Epistemic Significance of Disagreement”, Thomas Kelly gives two responses to the question “How should awareness of disagreement, with those that you take to be your epistemic equal, effect the rational confidence you have in your beliefs?”. Kelly discusses two possible responses to the question. The first is Richard Foley's first person perspective argument. Adam Elga calls the second the right reasons view (Elga, 2007 pg. 485). Kelly pursues the latter, and does not go further than agreeing with Foley that we should only view these disputes with a first person perspective.
The article “Some Psychological Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction between the Sexes” by Sigmund Freud focus on the difference between boys and girls and the consequences and impact the Oedipus complex and Penis envy. Freud studies the consequences and how boy and girls develop and move forward from this phase. It is to say that Freud has a strong point of view about this, and somehow this theory can come as masochism and has been criticizes by many feminist; but I cannot ignore the complexity and how his ideas are proper. But can we used this theories to understand the modernity if the society we live in.
These penguins lived after the Castastrophic event “Cretaceuous” that demolished the dinosaurs and many other species. Based on the DNA analyses and avaiable evidence of modern birds, we think the modern bird- lineages, including penguins, some how managed to survive through the Cretaceuous. Also it’s not shocking these fossils were found in New Zeland. The South Pacific and Southern oceans were free of predatory mammals, had abundant food, and had space for Penguins to breed. But the Southern Pacific is not the only area where Penguins inhabit. Many of modern penguins “Aptrenodytes” are located in the Antarctic. Recenelty it was discovered that there was a over looked feature on the surface of the fossil penguins flipper bone. These grooves were easily missed because the look was similar to tendons and muscles in the same area. It was discovered that these grooves were blood vessels that make up a counter current heat exchanger called “humeral arterial plexus” which allows penguins to limit the heat loss through the flippers. Also it helped Penguins maintain their core body temperature in cold water allowing them to survive long journeys in the cold waters. Although Penguins have luckily been able develop these traits to survive the dramatic shifts in climate, the world population can not mistake their success as resilience towards global warming.
When the Chinese Exclusion Act was signed into law in May 1882, it was followed by a rapidly decreasing amount of new immigrants to the United States. Regardless of problems that the United States attempted to solve with the Act, violent massacre and persecution of Chinese people in the United States continued. Because of this, many Chinese immigrants that did stay in America continued on for years to receive prejudice and racism in the labor market and cultural society. This then continued to force many Chinese immigrants further and further down the path of segregation and into the protection of Chinatowns and poverty, counteracting the great American idea of the “melting pot.”
Jacques Lacan deals with the perception of individuals as well. However Lacan's perceptions are those dealt with in the mind of his subjects. Let us introduce Oedipus, as the subject, to Lacan the psychoanalyst. Now that the two have met in our minds' we can continue with the forum of one man's perception, Lacan's, of another man's life, Oedipus's.
... avoid unjustified beliefs. Second, like the equal weight view claims, a first person perspective does not give an argument asymmetry. Finally, the first person perspective as a role in disagreement is more inspective than detective. It can be used to show aspects such as peer hood and reliability, but it cannot deduce from these “inspections” that one’s view has more weight than their opponents because those deductions are unjustified.
Millions of immigrants over the previous centuries have shaped the United States of America into what it is today. America is known as a “melting pot”, a multicultural country that welcomes and is home to an array of every ethnic and cultural background imaginable. We are a place of opportunity, offering homes and jobs and new economic gains to anyone who should want it. However, America was not always such a “come one, come all” kind of country. The large numbers of immigrants that came during the nineteenth century angered many of the American natives and lead to them to blame the lack of jobs and low wages on the immigrants, especially the Asian communities. This resentment lead to the discrimination and legal exclusion of immigrants, with the first and most important law passed being the Chinese Exclusion Act. However, the discrimination the Chinese immigrants so harshly received was not rightly justified or deserved. With all of their contributions and accomplishments in opening up the West, they were not so much harming our country but rather helping it.
The habitat of the South Pole is far too harsh for most organisms to survive. Only in some of the milder areas are some plant life present such as lichen and moss. Penguins are mostly found in the southern hemisphere of the earth, mostly in
African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) have been on a downward decline. In 2010, African penguins were placed on the Red List by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) signifying that they are endangered (Weller et al., 2014). African penguins are endemic to Southern Africa ranging from Namibia to South Africa (Weller et al., 2014). At the start of the twentieth century, African penguins constituted 570,000 breeding pairs, but at the end of the century the population decreased to 26,000 pairs, and finally, in the 1990s, there was a total of 18,000 adult penguins (Weller et al., 2014). Robben Island has the most inhabitants of African Penguins, starting with the initiation of nine breeding pairs in 1983, growing to 8,500 pairs
The largely significant psychologist in the twentieth century, Sigmund Freud, founded analysis and also recognized a new organization for treating behavior disorders. His study in psychology brought out many radical and contentious views on human behavior. One of the view he maintained is that unseen layers in the child's mind are vibrant by sexual and hostile motive regarding its parents. A distinctive example is the Oedipus complex, consisting of sexual need toward the parent of the opposed sex and jealous loathing of the rival.
The other penguins live on small sandy islands, but all penguins must live near a body of water to hunt for food. Their food consist of fish krill squid and crustaceans. Penguins mainly live along the coastal regions of South America, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. People still don’t know everything about penguins but we start to learn more about them as we study them. There is some spots we don’t know if its 100% true or fake. This is way people argue so much about them because we still don’t know everything about them. In the mid 1800s people found fossils that looked like penguins. These fossils were studied by the top scientist around the world. The scientist are coming to a conclusion that penguins have been on earth for more than 60 million years.Scientist believe that penguins evolved from earlier birds in order to survive. They
Emperor Penguins have short stiff tails which helps with balance, a highly specialized bird skeleton and powerful claws. There chicks have soft down for added insulation. Behavioural adaptations involve huddling together in winter to conserve heat, and unlike other species they are not aggressively territorial. They breed during the depths of the Antarctic winter, but no nest in made, the eggs sit on the parents’ feet. When a female Emperor Penguin lays her egg, the male carries it on his feet. Physiological adaptations a complex heat exchange system allows heat to be recaptured from breath. They dive to about 1,800 feet and can hold their breath for up to 22 minutes. The male Emperor Penguins can fast for up to 100
Now you know a thing or two about Emperor penguins. You know about the land they called home, their lives and how they lived, and the disorders they suffered.
Penis envy usually occurs in the phallic phase of the psycho-sexual development of a child. A girl sees her father’s authoritarian figure in the family and she can connect this totalitarian image with the
“The origin of the word “penguin” has been the subject of debate for a long period of time. Researchers and historians’ theories range from reference to the amount of fat (penguigo in Spanish and pinguis in Latin) penguins possess to the claim that the word was derived from two Welsh words meaning ‘white head’.” (Sparks and Soper, 1987) Penguins are comical and funny birds. Blue/black on the upper half of their body and white on the lower half, they look as though they are all dressed up for a formal dinner or show but have no place to go! Penguins are flightless birds, which have adapted to living in the cooler waters of the Southern Hemisphere. They generally live on islands and remote continental regions that are free of land predators. Their inability to fly has been detrimental to their survival on land. Some species of penguins spend as much as 75% of their lives in the ocean, yet they all breed on land or sea ice attached to land. The seventeen species found today are thought to have evolved from flying birds more than forty million years ago. To date, the discovery of all penguin fossil fragments has been limited to the Southern Hemisphere. “Records show that prehistoric penguins were found within the range of present-day penguins.” (Sparks and Soper, 1987)