Subliminal Perception
Many people have heard of "subliminal" messages that are not consciously perceived by a subject but nonetheless influence his or her behavior. The concept first became publicized in the 1950s, when the advertiser James Vicary claimed that flashing the words "Drink Popcorn" and "Drink Coke" between frames in a movie theater increased Coke sales by 18.1% and popcorn sales by 57.7%. This caused a storm of controversy, although Vicary later admitted that this "study" was a hoax.(1)Many studies carried out in laboratory conditions do show that "subliminal" inputs can be perceived by the nervous system without the awareness of the conscious "I-function". Inputs perceived "subliminally" have also been shown to influence behavior to some extent, in some instances more than supraliminal inputs. These effects, however, are for the most part limited in magnitude and duration.
The literal meaning of the word "subliminal" is rather misleading since it implies that there is an absolute "limen", or threshold, above which inputs are detected by the "I-function" and below which they are not.(2) However, while there are some "supraliminal" inputs of high intensity where perception is always self-reported by experimental subjects, as well as inputs of low intensity that are never reported, there is also a range of input intensities where subjects report only a fraction of the time.(3) The actual experimental definition of the "liminal" or threshold value of an input is the value where conscious perception occurs 50% of the time. The "limen" can also fluctuate with different prevailing conditions.(4) Therefore, an input could be classified as "subliminal" and still be accessible to the I-function.
Some experiments tha...
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...udies of "self-help" tapes billed as containing subliminal messages have not shown to be effective beyond an illusory placebo effect. (9) While subliminal perception definitely exists and subliminal inputs can affect behavior, so far no evidence exists that subliminal inputs can be used to exert any "mind control" on unwilling subjects.
Internet Sources:
1. http:///www.actwin.com/nlp/random/sublm02.htm
2.http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/magic/sublimin.txt.CP852
3.http://trevor.butler.edu/~woodruff/Courses/Subliminal/Bourbon.html
4. SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION
5. Unconscious Perception
6. http://www.weber.u.washington.edu/~agg/release.html
7. Subliminal Mere Exposure
8. The Subliminal Mere Exposure Effect
9. CJBS: Subliminal Self-Help
Sources not cited directly:
Reinventing Subliminal Again
10)http://www.hunter.holowww.com/sublim.html
...ed. In fact, they responded with exclamations like, “I guess that could be true.” The interpretation seemed like a stretch by the therapist even in a training video about psychodynamic therapy! I had to wonder what it might look like in real life. Overall, I felt like this therapy might work on clients like the ones portrayed, i.e. clingy self-doubting ones. The techniques seemed to huddle in the arena of suggestibility. In the end I couldn’t help but wonder how such techniques would work on more self-aware strong-willed people like myself.
5 Light, Ken. Tremain, Kerry. Witness in our Time: Working Lives of Documentary Photographers. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000.
Rhimes, S. (Writer), & Corn, R (Director). (2013). Bet It Stung [Television series episode]. In S.
Childhood obesity has become a huge problem in the United States. Over twenty one percent of African American children are obese, not including the twenty percent who were just overweight. Studies show that the increase in Type II diabetes, which is caused by obesity has increased dramatically in children of African American culture. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) The hospital costs associated with childhood obesity were 127 million dollars from 1997-1999, increasing $92 million from 1979-1981. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) However, long term effects are also a concern for adolescent obesity. Overweight children have a 70 percent chance of being obese or overweight adults, which increases to 80 percen...
Andersonville, officially named Camp Sumter, was the most infamous Confederate prison during the Civil War (Davis 350; Reeder 140). The camp first opened in February 1864 close to the village of Andersonville in Sumter County, Georgia. Due to a food shortage at the compound in Richmond, Virginia, caused by an overflow of war prisoners, the Confederate officials decided to build a new prison in southwest Georgia (Turner 161, 162). The first prisoners arrived to an open expansion of sixteen acres, later increased to twenty-six acres, surrounded by a fifteen-foot tall fence (Davis 351). The conditions of this prison were truly horrendous because the prisoners were not provided with any form of soap, clothing, or shelter (Reeder 141). Andersonville was notorious for their ill treatment, lack of nutrition and protection, and harsh security along with their cruel wardens (Turner 161).
When is it necessary to start taking more action in the prevention of school violence? In less than ten years, in the United States, there have been more than twenty-five school shootings resulting in at least one death per shooting. This number is outrageous and certainly warrants more school violence prevention. It is unacceptable that the schools in the United States are not safe enough to allow children to attend without the possibility of getting seriously injured, or even killed. Most people realize that there is a slight chance of school violence everyday, but not everyone realizes how great a possibility it is for a school to be...
It’s impossible to decipher how other people view your image. It’s a hypothesis, an educated guess. Projected images can sometimes be misunderstood, viewed as negative, self-serving transparencies. In my experience a large segment of the population attempts to portray a false image of someone they are not, but someone they would like to emulate. Without a solid relationship with someone, it can be difficult to decide if their image is real or delusional. I have been conscious of self image since my youth. My life has provided me with many challenges and opportunities that have resulted in the evolution of my image that has transitioned from a rebellious teenager to a 55-year-old displaced worker going back to college.
Raeburn, John. A Staggering Revolution: A Cultural History of Thirties Photography. Chicago: University of Illinois, 2006. Print.
The Mediterranean diet emphasizes vegetables, fruits, legumes and grains. It also contains small amount of chicken and fish. Most fat comes from unsaturated olive oil and nuts. There are few sweet and meat. In combination with moderate exercise and not smoking, the Mediterranean Diet offers a scientifically researched, balanced, and health-promoting lifestyle choice. (HealthFitnessRevolution, 2013). The Mediterranean Diet is a balanced diet full of a variety of foods and can be followed easily. Key characteristics of the Mediterranean diet include one to two daily glasses of red wine for men and one glass for women. This difference in quantity of wine is due to the body mass, which is generally superior for men than for women. The characteristics include also many fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, beans and whole grains eaten daily; weekly consumption of meat, poultry, eggs and olive oil and monthly consumptio...
...dvertising.” Picturing the Past: Media History & Photography. Ed. Bonnie Brennen, Hanno Hardt. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999. 158-181.
The accessibility of the Mediterranean diet in the south of Benin is quite questionable. Expensive food is available but many people are not willing to sell food people eat just from time to time. So Mediterranean food is difficult to find and allow the region’s food to be sold almost everywhere.
The issue of school safety has become a controversial topic in the United States, due to tragic acts of violence occurring on a daily basis. American citizens should never have to cope with the negative impact of school violence, no matter how often they hear about the tragedies (Jones, "Parents" 1). In the past, schools were viewed as a safe place for children to get an education. Recently, the concern over violence in schools has taken a toll on many parents, school administrators, and legislatures (Eckland 1). Studies have shown that there are over 3 million acts of violence in American public schools each year. Not all occurrences are serious and deadly, but they occur on a daily basis throughout our country (Jones, “School” 6). This has caused many parents to worry about the well-being of their children while they are in class. This has also led to an increase in questions and concerns by parents and guardians. Many people have asked, “What are you doing about safety and security on my child’s campus” (Schimke 2). School violence is the cause of elevated worry and fear for their children, and school districts should enforce better security.
Photojournalism hit the world’s stage in the early 19th century. According to Dillon Westbrook who writes for Photography_Schools.com, the British were using a form of the box camera to capture the movement of soldiers. The first recognized photojournalist was Romanian born, Carol Szathmari. He photographed the Crimean War from 1853-1856. “Szathmari's newsworthy photographs were exhibited in European galleries for the world to view and were later copied in limited numbers and distributed globally” (Wanke). Yet most information available points to the early 1920’s as being the proper beginning for modern photojournalism. Instructor Ross Collins of North Dakota State University, states that “modern photojournalism took place in 1925, in Germany. The event was the invention of the first 35 mm camera, the Leica. It was designed as a way to use surplus movie film, then shot in the 35 mm format” (Collins). Instructor Collins also includes that prior to the Leica, camera equipment was difficult to transport because of bulk and the necessary lighting equipment. He asserts as well that Germany also receives due credit for the first photojournalism magazine. According to Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, “...
Photojournalism plays a critical role in the way we capture and understand the reality of a particular moment in time. As a way of documenting history, the ability to create meaning through images contributes to a transparent media through exacting the truth of a moment. By capturing the surreal world and presenting it in a narrative that is relatable to its audience, allows the image to create a fair and accurate representation of reality.
Stage one is exposure. Exposure occurs when a stimulus comes within the range of someone’s sensory receptors. Consumers concentrate on some stimuli, are unaware of others, and even go out of their way to ignore some messages. Subliminal perception refers to a stimulus below the level of the consumer’s awareness. There is no virtual proof that this process has any effect on consumer behavior.