The Anti-Placebo Effect?
In my last web paper I struggled with the idea that Melatonin is supposed to make people sleepy. If anything I became more restless. Well, what is that all about? So, in this paper, I decided that I wanted to find out, what that was "about". If you pull it apart, you can tell that it has something to do with the preconceived ideas that we have running around in our heads. So then, I thought, well, that is the placebo effect right? If you think that something, such as a drug or supplement, is supposed to perform a certain way, then even if it is nothing more than a sugar pill some people will have a larger tendency to play out that reaction. This is not a conscious choice.
From the little neurobiology background I have, I would venture a guess to say that the preconceived notion of what is supposed to happen acts a triggering signal that would create an change in the membrane permeability of the neuron. And that would in turn cause an action potential and be the beginning of some sort of effect. So to dissect it with my previous example, if we were, theoretically, under the assumption that these Melatonin supplements truly had no effect. The population at large would, through the media and other advertising schemes, be made to believe that this drug supplement would induce sleep. Therefore that notion would lead to changes in the nervous system that were brought about by these beliefs causing a placebo effect. But the heart of my question here is that does this idea work in the other direction?
My hypothesis previous to my beginning my research was yes. Not only because the Melatonin did not work for me and family, but because of what we have been discussing in class. If the majority of the fun...
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...asstidious approach takes an additive/subtractive approach for defining the boundary line of efficacy." (3) My point would be that your preconceived notions would either serve to enhance or inhibit these effects. Simple, eh?
WWW Sources
1)The Powerful Placebo,
http://www.press.jhu.edu/press/books/titles/f97/f97shpo.htm
2)The placebo effect,
http://skepdic.com/placebo.html
3)Some Thoughts on Efficacy Beyong the Placebo Effect,
http://acupuncture.com/Res
Other sources to look at:
1. http://dem0nmac.mgh.harvard.edu/neurowebforum/G
2. http://www.temperance.com/nlp-talk/msg00340.html
3.http://www.hup.harvard.edu/S97Books/S97Reviews/placebo.effect.html
4. http://apa.org/releases/placebo.html
5. http://www.newscientist.com/ns/9
6. http://www.altmedicine.com/app/registeruser.cfm
7. http://wings.buffalo.edu/courses/sp99/
In this piece of work I hope to compare successfully Wilfred Owens ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ with Mary Shelley’s ‘Frankenstein’. I will compare the similarities and differences between the two texts in themes, styles and linguistic features. When first reading both pieces of writing you wouldn’t assume there are many similarities between the two authors, as they were written one hundred years apart and came from completely opposite social and historical backgrounds.
Wilfred Owen was of a lower middle class background, he was the son of a railway worker who was the superintendent; he attended Shrewsbury Technical High School he had applied to go to the University Of London but was rejected. He worked as a lay preacher in his locality attending to the spiritual needs of the parishioners. He travelled to France to work as an English teacher within a French language school.
ABSTRACT: Can there be scientific theories in psychology, medicine or psychiatry? I approach this question through an in-depth analysis of a typical experiment for clinical depression involving the monoamine hypothesis, drug action, and placebos. I begin my discussion with a reconstruction of Adolph Grünbaum's conceptual analysis of 'placebo,' and then use his notion of "intentional placebo" to discuss a typical experiment using the monoamine hypothesis, two drugs and a placebo. I focus on the theoretical aspects of the experiment, especially on the notion of causal explanation. I then raise five conceptual and methodological problems for theory construction. These problems focus on questions of the causal efficacy of placebos and drugs; ad hoc versus ceteris paribus explanations in biomedicine and psychology; and the falsifiability of the monoamine hypothesis. I conclude by pointing out the need for further, rigorous philosophical analysis concerning the possibility of theory construction in psychology, medicine, or psychiatry.
The presence of caffeine has become popular for increasing your alertness even though it has uncertain effects on cognition, coordination, and motor abilities. Caffeine is used as a stimulate to maximize performance on a daily basis for most people even those who do not have a morning drink to kick start to their day. People usually associate caffeine with their morning coffee or tea; however, “It can be found in a large portion of what we eat and drink and is consumed daily by an estimated 80% of children and adults in the United States (Barone & Roberts, 1996)”. The study by Childs and de Wit from the University of Chicago suggests that there might be a correlation in the variety of caffeine pills that have been given to some participants in past experiments (Childs & de Wit, 2008). In those studies the participants were given a caffeine pill that also has other herbal supplements which resulted in adding confounding properties to the study. The experiments where participants were given a true caffeine pill with 100% caffeine and no addit...
Grace Brewster Murray was born in New York City on December 9, 1906, to “upper middle-class” parents. (Williams, 2004) Her father, Walter Murray, was a life insurance executive and her mother, Mary Campbell Van Horne, was “an accomplished mathematician.” (Beyer, 2009) The Murrays had two other children, a daughter named Mary Campbell and a son named Roger Franklin II. While Grace’s mother never had a formal education, she and her husband encouraged their children’s intellectual pursuits. Books and trips to the museums were a huge part of the children’s lives. Mrs. Murray wanted her children to be well-rounded in all of their skills and knowledge. She believed gardening, sewing, sailing and swimming were life lessons that all of her children should learn and gave them the opportunities to do so. Grace’s mother felt it was important for her children to receive a good education, especially for her daughters.
Autism is a complex neurological disorder that is the result of the brain abnormality, affecting a person's regular brain function and also the development of a person's communication and social interaction skills.
Imagine you walk into a classroom and you see a child sitting alone at a desk, almost in their own world. Or maybe you see a person sitting at a park, rocking back and forth, talking to themselves. The chances are these people may have autism. 15 of every 10,000 births result in a person with this life altering disorder (source 1). Autism is a developmental disability of the brain that affects communication. There is no cure for this disability and few answers of how to treat it.
Cruz, J., & Iterson, S.V. (2013). The Audacity of Tolerance: A Critical Analysis of Legalized Prostitution in
Emotional Abuse, (also known as: Verbal abuse, mental abuse, and psychological cruelty) includes acts or the failures to act by parents or caretakers that have caused or could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, emotional or mental disorders. This can include parents and/or caretakers using extreme or bizarre forms of punishment, such as the child being confined in a closet or dark room, being tied to a chair for long periods of time, or threatening or terrorizing a young mind. Less severe acts, but no less damaging is overly negative criticism or rejecting treatment, using degrading terms to describe the child, constant victimizing or blaming the child for situations.
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Prostitution is highly controversial, many claiming that the legalization would lead to more prostitution, which would therefore be a larger disgrace to society. Furthermore, an essay written by Janice G. Raymond, titled “Ten Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution.” This essay brings down ten legitimate reasons as to why prostitution should not be legalized, citing failed attempts in Australia and the Netherlands. The immoralities of these laws shine when, upon closer examination, the laws regard the prostitutes as mere sexual objects for profit to benefit the economy. However, as these faults are recognized, places like Amsterdam begin to alter their laws regarding prostitutions, making them more strict in an attempt to make prostitution safer. Still, organized and regulated legalized prostitution could lead to world reform in the sex trade.
There is not one concrete definition of a placebo. Placebos are fake medical treatments disguised as, for example, as a pill, a shot, ointments, or even fake surgery that is inactive and truly does nothing at all (Moerman). In the past, placebos such as sugar pills or vitamins were prescribed to please a patient requesting medication if the physician did not believe any real treatment was necessary. People in the medical community began to realize that patient’s symptoms were getting significantly better even when there was no chemical, biomedical or time-related reason. This changed physician’s belief that the improvement supposedly caused by a placebo pill was all in their patient’s head to believing that the patients min...
Autism is a disorder characterized by significant problems in communication and social functioning. Autism is actually called Autism Spectrum Disorder and encompasses a broad range disabilities such as Asperger syndrome, Rett’s Syndrome, and Pervavasive Development Disorder (Dunlap & Fox, n.d.). There are also varying degrees of the disorder from low-functioning (no communication and no social interaction) to high-functioning (some communication and inappropriate but existent social skills.)
Prostitution is the occupational service where sexual acts are exchanged for payment. Opinions of prostitution have changed drastically over the course of half a century, and are being debated worldwide. Prostitution is a very controversial topic, however there are claims that legalizing prostitution could create an overall safer environment, not only for the sex workers but the rest of society. There has been many alterations in prostitution laws and enforcement practices in several countries. Many nations have created new laws or intensified existing penalties for prostitution-related offences such as soliciting sex, purchasing sex, or pimping. Some other societies are experimenting with policies that securitize prostitution.The claims proposing these regulations are important because they are directly opposed to both the conventional benefits of prostitution and the specific allegations of anti-prostitution crusaders. In Canada and the UK, the exchange of sex for money is not illegal. However, the activities that go along with prostitution are criminal offences.“In March 2012, the Ontario Court of Appeal upheld a ban on establishments for the purposes of prostitution, which effectively makes street prostitution illegal. In the US, most jurisdictions, prostitution, solicitation, or agreeing to engage in an act of prostitution are classified as illegal. With the exception of licensed brothels in certain areas in Nevada. In the Netherlands,prostitution was legalized in the mid-1800s but it wasn’t until recently, the 1980s sex work became a legal profession. Restrictions on brothels and pimping were lifted in October 2000 and the industry is now securitized by labour law. Prostitutes are registered as legal workers....
Indian movies began production in the beginning of the 20th century and were, much like American films, in black and white. The very first movie produced with sound was Alam Ara which was released in 1931 and was directed by Ardeshir Irani. The first color Hindi movie was released in 1937 which is known to be the starting of the “golden Age “of the Indian film industry. It was referred as the golden age due to the release of many classical Indian music and popular films being released. In the 1970s, Indian film industry beat United States as the largest producer of movies in the world. Since then, it has become its own identity and is now termed as “Bollywood” which is mere combination of two words, Bombay (now known...