The Debate Over the Origin of Modern Homo Sapiens
There has been a great deal of heated debate for the last few decades about where modern Homo sapiens originated. From the battle grounds, two main theories emerged. One theory, labeled “Out-of-Africa” or “population replacement” explains that all modern Homo sapiens evolved from a common Homo erectus ancestor in Africa 100,000 years ago. The species began to spread and replace all other archaic human-like populations around 35,000 to 89,000 years ago. The rivaling opinion, entitled the “regional continuity” theory or “multiregional evolution” model refutes this theory and states modern humans evolved from various species of Homo erectus who interbred with others that lived in places such as Asia, Africa, and Europe. These scientists believe this theory would explain why there are differences among races around the world.
As sound as the regional continuity theory appears, it seems to be slightly lacking in genetic support. It appears that most of the support of this theory depends on fossil record which is important information but not stable evidence. The Out-of-Africa theory relies on more than just fossil evidence but a combination of fossils and genetic studies. It is important to use this information as well as the fossil records because “various interpretations of the transition are possible if researchers concentrate on only fossil evidence, while the mtDNA studies more strongly support replacement….the best approximation of the process still appears to be an African-based spread” (Nitecki and Nitecki, 1994). In a time where technology is becoming an integral part of society, it is easier to discover information that did not seem possible before.
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...and Matthew Nitecki, eds. (1994). Origins of Anatomically Modern
Humans. Plenum Press, New York.
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The human archaeological record is a long and undefined story that may be the most complex question researched today. One of the big questions in human history is the disappearance of the Neanderthal people from the archaeological record around 30,000 BP. While for thousands of years Neanderthals and Anatomically modern humans crossed paths and perhaps lived in close relations, we have yet to really understand the degree to which they lived together. My hypothesis is that these two hominids, Neanderthals and Anatomically Modern Humans, interbred exchanging genes after Modern Humans dispersed from Africa and creating like cultures and material remains. The differences between Neanderthal and Modern humans are not only physical but also genetically evolved and this research will determine an estimated amount of admixture between the two groups.
Powlson DS, Riche AB, and Shield, I. (2005). Biofuels and other approaches for decreasing fossil fuel emissions from agriculture. Annals of Applied Biology, 146: pp. 193-201.
Medicare and Medicaid are one of important government programs. According to Medicaid.gov site, there are more than 4.6 million low-income seniors enrolled in Medicare and about 8.3 million people that are enrolled in both Medicare and Medicaid. Anyone that enrolled with Medicare and limited income and resources are eligible to get assistance paying for their premiums and out-of-pocket medical expenses from Medicaid. Not only does Medicaid cover additional services, but, services covered by both programs are first paid by Medicare with Medicaid in the difference up to the state’s payment limit (Medicaid.gov, 2015) .
In 1965 President Johnson signed both Medicare and Medicaid programs into law (Nile, 2011). According to Medical news today, “Medicare is a social insurance program that serves more than 44 million enrollees as of 2008” (MediLexicon International Ltd, 2011, para2). It cost about $432 billion or 3.2% of GDP, as of 2007(par2).Medicare is broken down into parts, Part A is hospital Insurance Part B is medical Insurance, and Part D is Medicare prescription drug coverage (medicare.gov). Like we previously stated Medicare is a health insurance for people who are 65 and older, people under 65 with certain disabilities, and people of any age with End- Stage Renal Disease. Medicaid is a joint federal-state program of medical assistance for low income persons (Benefit.gov). It is administered by the Illinois Department of Human Services (DHS) and Illinois Department of Public Aid (IDPA). Medicaid serves about 40 million people as of 2007; it cost $330 billion, or 2.4% of GDP, in 2007.(par.2) “In Illinois you may be eligible for Medicaid if you are a child, pre...
In “A Small, Good Thing,” Carver constructs his tale around the Weiss couple: a wealthy, happy family that has been “kept away from any real harm” (Carver, 62). The Weiss couple is distinct from Carver’s typical characters in the fact that they are content and prosperous. However, their tragedy disproves that wealth and prosperity can protect one from fate. When a car strikes little Scotty on his birthday, their w...
1. The two major differences between Medicare and Medicaid are who the plan is provided for and who is in charge of providing each plan. The majority of other differences stem from these two dissimilarities. Medicare is a health insurance plan for people over 65 years of age (also includes a few other smaller groups such as younger children with certain disabilities), while Medicaid is provided for citizens who cannot afford other healthcare insurance plans due to their low income. Because of this, Medicaid pays the providers less, so it is not uncommon that doctors will refuse to take patients who use Medicaid. Medicare, on the other hand, hardly ever negotiates prices, so doctors usually end up receiving what they charge. Medicare is completely
Medicaid supports children who are under the age of nineteen, people over the age of sixty five, enrollees who are disabled and those that need permanent nursing home care. Potential beneficiaries can find an application for Medicaid at their State’s Medicaid agency (Medicare.gov, 2008).
What exactly is Medicaid? Medicaid is the largest health insurance in the United States, and it services many low-income families. This government health program is state regulated and varies among states due to having their own guidelines. Medicaid was signed into law on July the 30th, 1965. Medicaid’s guidelines come from the old Welfare law. “Medicaid has never matched that of food stamps, for which eligibility standards are linked to financial need alone. As Smith and Moore explains, the federal government, using its extraordinary demonstration powers under section 1115 of the Social Security Act, has allowed states to experiment with “decategorization” over the years, but Medicaid’s statutory bar against coverage of poor adults remains perhaps its most obvious failure” (Rosenbaum). Regardless of the many faults of this programs design, Medicaid helps close to 60 million low-income families in the United States. The people it helps would include: pregnant women, young children and their parents, the disabled, and the elderly, and other members of society that have low income. Medicaid is involved in many pregnancies and newborn care from a financial standpoint. It allows parents to have medical care for the child while in a low-income household. Medicaid has a huge impact on each states health systems and is used in a wide variety of ways.
Medicaid is currently the largest source of funding for medical and health related services for people in the United States with low-income, disabilities, nursing home and community-based long-term care. Medicaid has been referred to as a safety net for the needy. As a parent of a disabled child, I have a personal interest in the Medicaid system, its history, current functioning, and future plans.
Gardner, L., & Gilleskie, D. B. (2012). The Effects of State Medicaid Policies on the Dynamic Savings Patterns and Medicaid Enrollment of the Elderly. Journal Of Human Resources, 47(4), 1082-1127.
Medicaid is an assistance program for low-income people regardless of age. A federally mandated program, Medicaid is run by state and local governments under the established federal guidelines. Income and resource levels are the primary means for each state to determine eligibility with the level varying from state to state. Eligibility is also affected by other factors such as age, whether you are pregnant, if you are blind or have other disabilities, and U.S. citizenship or lawful immigration status. Some states req...
Medicare is a federal health insurance program for people over the age of 65. Adults with certain diseases or disabilities such as Lou Gehrig’s disease also qualify for Medicare. Medicare is divided into four parts: Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D. Medicare Part A is hospital insurance and it benefits impatient care in hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, hospice care, and home health care. Medicare Part B is medical insurance and it covers services from doctors
...nd getting the information when necessary. A significant thought is information processing, which takes place in a sequence of steps. The information processing theorist’s method of learning is primarily by way of the study of memory.
Human evolution started with Charles Darwin who thought that humans evolved from apes, he aimed to explain this through his theory of natural selection, genetic variation and ‘survival of the fittest’ (Ruse 2009).Through this insight gave rise to all archaeologists to search in the eastern and western African region to find fossil evidence of these apes or species we have evolved from. Through individual’s hard work and dedication we can now fill in the gaps between the different species and how we have arrived at our modern day selves.
The concept of this essay is to stress that biofuels are a viable and sustainable energy source than fossil fuels, showing its advantages but not ignoring its disadvantages which also enlightens us about the cleaner and renewable natural resources. Biofuels is an alternative source of energy which can end the global dependence on fossil fuels.