Medical Attributes of Cannabis sativa - Marijuana
Cannabis sativa is an erect herb commonly known as hemp or marijuana, or by vernacular names such as grass, weed, refer, and pot. C. sativa is a member of the Cannabinaceae or hemp family. Marijuana can be cultivated illegally in eastern and central North America. Marijuana was legal in the United States for industrial, recreational and medicinal uses until 1937 (Anon., 1996a).
C. sativa contains about sixty various psychoactive chemicals called cannabinoids. The most active component in C. sativa is tetrahydrocannabinol or THC which is found in greatest concentrations in the flowering tops and leaves of the hemp plants. The word marijuana refers to the whole plant and the resin from hemp or also called hashish (Anon., 1996b).
Presently, C. sativa has four medicinal values. First, it is used to relieve nausea and increase appetite. Second, it brings about the reduction of intraocular pressure in glaucoma. Third, it causes a reduction of muscle spasms. Fourth, it provides relief from mild to moderate chronic pain (Anon., 1996a).
In 1975, a study was conducted testing the effects of marijuana on the cardiovascular system. People between the ages of 30-40 years, whom had never smoked marijuana were used for this experiment. Results showed that there is no direct cardiac effect of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) unless the THC dose is 50 fold. There were no changes in stimulation of ephedrine production (which stimulates the sympathetic nervous system), levels of blood glucose, lactate or pyruvates and fatty acid fractions. Changes to these effects were observed when the THC dose was 50 fold (Beacansfield, 1975).
In a study in 1982, researchers analyzed the biological effe...
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Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan. (n.d.). Princeton University. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Wars_and_conflicts_between_India_and_Pakistan.html
Rogers found that very few become fully functioning. To cope with this they create defense mechanisms....
In modern society intelligence is highly competitive and subject to scrutiny; therefore, it is understandable that a child’s intelligence is a primary concern for many parents. The Mozart effect, popularised in the 1990s, resulted in many parents believing that simply exposing their child to music composed by Mozart would improve their intelligence (Campbell, 1997). The claim was founded by research published in the journal Nature, which suggested that spatial reasoning could be temporarily enhanced by listening to one of Mozart’s compositions for ten minutes (Rauscher, Shaw & Ky, 1993). It will be argued that there is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that playing Mozart to babies will increase their intelligence. Firstly, the various study results suggested no long-term enhancement, yet the Mozart effect implies a lasting effect on intellect. Experimental results have also been generalized, despite inconsistencies between the founding results and the Mozart effect. Another major element overlooked by the Mozart effect is that intelligence is complex and composed of many components.
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Schlaug, Gottfried, Andrea Norton, Kate Overy, and Ellen Winner. Effects of Music Training on the Child’s Brain. The Musician's Brain. New York Academy Of Sciences, 2005. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. .
Music, an essential component to mankind’s culture, is said to affect the intellect of humans in several different ways. Specifically, it’s affect on infants is more important than any other age group due to the brain’s plasticity at such a young age. Music can improve learning skills, test taking skills, concentration, heartbeat, and relaxation. Understanding the human brain is a great endeavor that countless scientists have spent lifetimes on. It will probably never be fully understood, however, I think that researching music’s relationship with the brain should help uncover many mysteries. Neuroscientific studies have shown music to be an agent capable of influencing complex neurobiological processes
The most easily influenced stage of human life is early childhood, therefore it is encouraged that children listen to classical music. The researchers at Irvine recently found that preschoolers who had received eight months of music lessons scored “eighty percent higher on object-assembly tasks” than did other children who received no musical training. It was concluded that students who listened to music had high a greater ability to think abstractly and to visualize. These tasks are necessary to understand difficult theorems and equations in math and engineering. German scientists discovered an amazing difference in musicians who have the ability to recognize notes by ear and who began studying music before the age of seven. The plenum temporal, which is the area on the brain's left side that processes sound signals, mostly language, is three times the average size. The age of the musician matters because the brain generally stops growing after age 10.
Cannabinoids can alleviate pain responses through CB-1 receptor interactions (Wallace et al. 2001). The two primary receptors are the CB-1 and CB-2 receptors, which are found in the hippocampus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves (Vaney et al. 2004). Fatty acid neurotransmitters, such as anandamide, are naturally ligands of cannabinoid receptors found in mammalian tissues. Anandamide, when directed, can activate CB-1 receptors releasing amino acids, and monoamine neurotransmitters, like dopamine (Fadda et al. 2004). Cannabis can imitate anandamide and activate CB-1 receptors, which can easily be overactivated, releasing excessive amounts of dopamine. The exact mechanism of THC and CBD’s anticonvulsant activity is unknown but that is is may somehow involve ion channels controlled by CB-1 receptors (Wallace
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Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, K. N (1993). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365(6447), 611. doi:10.1038/365611a0
The University of California made a research trying different methods in students while taking their IQ test. The group that used a Mozart Sonata scored eight to nine points higher than the other groups. This result was named “The Mozart Effect”. Compared to a diverse list of composers, Mozart and Bach show better results on the brain development such as long term periodicity. Music that has an influence in long term periodicity show better results on spatial temporal performance.
...ing...”). Music is known to increase performance rates for many perceptual and cognitive tasks (Reck, Ovary, “Preface...”), but only recently has it been observed to literally transform our brain, as far as what we use to hear and process it. What music training and music therapy do is use music to tone auditory skills through listening exercises and in many cases be put to use to help with psychological issues such as ADHD, autism, dyslexia and central auditory processing disorders (Kraus et. al.). Through this process, however, the brain’s fundamental structure often changes or adapts itself to the circumstances of exercising auditory components in our brain. These capabilities are both radical and rare, but are scientifically proven. Music has the ability to influence our fine motor skills, coordinated movement, and also fundamentally alter our auditory functions.
These were also considered to be Fayol’s productive years as a businessman in the mining industry. At this timeframe France was also desperately in need of a new management theory so as to address its rapid and destabilizing economi...
In late 1947, the newly created states of India and Pakistan went to war over the valley of Kashmir. A United Nations brokered ceasefire divided the state into Indian and Pakistani controlled territories, and resolved that a referendum would be held in which the people of Kashmir would be able to choose to join either country. The referendum has not been held to this day. India granted its portion of Kashmir a special status within its constitution, allowing for a great degree of self-autonomy. However, successive Kashmiri governments have been dissolved by the government of India, and elections have only been held in the presence of its armed forces. In 1965, Pakistan and India waged a second indecisive war over Kashmir. In the 1980s, resistance within Kashmir itself against the Indian government took on a violent nature, with guerilla attacks against Indian army bases. India responded with heavy army clampdowns, and since then the situation has only escalated and get worse. It is estimated that well over 34,000 people have died within the valley, and the relations between the two countries have become increasingly acrimonious. India blames Pakistan for the militant uprising, claiming Islamabad is supporting cross border terrorism. Pakistan responds that it merely provides diplomatic and moral support arguing, furthermore, that India’s history of human rights abuses in the valley is to blame. With both countries now in possession of nuclear arms; the recent war in KARGIL and the increasing number of civilian deaths, refugees, and other human rights issues within Kashmir, the conflict seems to be taking on a more serious nature. In this paper I will discuss the Kashmir conflict in some depth, examining the problem in...
The most threatening conflict between Hindus and Muslims is the province of Kashmir. This is where the decision to divide India into India and Pakistan seems to have been a terrible mistake. Kashmir, which is the only Muslim majority city in India, lies between the divided India and Pakistan. After India’s independence in the 1940’s, Kashmir had to choose to either unite with India or Pakistan. The Prince of Kashmir chose India but Pakistan invaded the province soon after and have occupied part of Kashmir since then. Controversy still surrounds the province today because naturally, Muslims want to control it. While many Muslims relocated to Pakistan and the Hindus to India, half of the Muslim population was left in India and their relations did not improve after being partially separated.