A common mistake among the general public is to talk about the Vietnam War. Technically, it never was declared a war; President Johnson never asked for a declaration of war. It was called the Vietnamese Conflict. He instead only asked for a resolution that would give him the authority to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack" against U.S. forces and "to prevent further aggression" (Dougherty). So, with this kind of all-powerful resolution, was there even a necessity for declaring war? Some believe there was a necessity, and that there should have been a declaration of war; others would disagree and say there was no need for a declaration of war. But who really knows the right answer? That question can only be answered on an individual basis. And before anyone can make a decision on these issues, the context must be understood.
In 1963, John F. Kennedy was assassinated, and then Vice-President Lyndon B. Johnson became the President of the United States of America. When he stepped into that position, he was given the job of not only leading the American people, but of handling the situation in Vietnam (Turner 287). He tried his best to keep the government running, as Kennedy would have; he even kept Kennedy's administration personnel. He wanted to be known for being successful in areas such as domestic policy, civil rights, and medical care. But Vietnam was a ghost that would haunt Johnson for the rest of his life (Turner 176).
According to Robert McNamara, in his first meeting with President Johnson on November 24, 1963, "...his instructions [on Vietnam] were clear: Win!" (McNamara 117). The mood of the United States in the late summer of 1964 was becoming more anxious; whereas before August of 1964, American...
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...s. San Diego: Green Haven, 1998.
Frankel, Benjamin. U.S. Military Intervention in Vietnam: History in Dispute April. 1999: 331+.
Mc Master, H.R. Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson. Robert McNamara. the Joint Chiefs of Staff: and the Lies that Led to Vietnam. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1997.
McNamara, Robert S. In Retrospect: The Tragedy's and Lessons of Vietnam. New York: Random House Publishers, 1995.
Moise, Edwin E. Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Morrison, WIlbur H. The Elephant and the Tiger. New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc., 1990.
Turner J., Kathleen. Lyndon Johnson's Dual War. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Thomson, James C. Jr., Home page. April 1968. 23 Oct. 2002.
<http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/68apr/vietnam.htm>.
One of the key strengths of this book is the author's first-hand knowledge of the people, places, and events that he is writing about. He also supplemented this first-hand knowledge with extensive interviews. In one example, he elaborated on the "chain of command" in Vietnam, which began with General Paul Harkins (and William C. Westmoreland) to the CINCPAC (Admiral Harry Felt) and from CINCPAC to Washington. "Not once in their four years of mutual agony in Vietnam did Harkins's successor, General Westmoreland, pick up the telephone and call his commander-in-chief, President Lyndon B. Johnson. Westmoreland did not have the authority, he told me."(169) This information came directly from an interview with Westmoreland. There are other anecdotes similar to this with each contributing to the extensive nature of the book's detail.
The Vietnam War: A Concise International History is a strong book that portrays a vivid picture of both sides of the war. By getting access to new information and using valid sources, Lawrence’s study deserves credibility. After reading this book, a new light and understanding of the Vietnam war exists.
Anderson, David L. The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War. New York: Columbia UP, 2002. Print.
Robert S. McNamara's book, In Retrospect, tells the story of one man's journey throughout the trials and tribulations of what seems to be the United States utmost fatality; the Vietnam War. McNamara's personal encounters gives an inside perspective never before heard of, and exposes the truth behind the administration.
The initial policy decision made by President Lyndon B. Johnson was to “Americanize” the Vietnam War (Tindall and Shi, p. 1341). This meant that American troops would be sent to Vietnam in large numbers to fight. The goal was to keep South Vietnam from falling to Communism, and
McNamara graduated Harvard with a master’s degree in business, served in the U.S. Army Air Corps, and was President of the Ford Motor Company. Given his background in analytics, President Kennedy asked McNamara to be his Secretary of Defense in 1960. The American military support of Southern Vietnamese forces gradually increased during Kennedy’s presidency. Early public opinion of the Vietnam wasn’t necessarily bad. The widespread American notion of the war was seen as a fight against communism. This paired with the preconceived idea of Northern Vietnam’s inferiority as a military power seemed like favorable odds for and easy American win given it’s reputation as a global hegemony. Because of this, Kennedy, with the advisement of McNamara, approached the conflict under the principles of limited war. However, the Kennedy administration did not anticipate was the unexpected tactic of guerrilla warfare paired with the unwavering dedication to the war effort. After President Kennedy’s assassination, Lyndon B. Johnson took over the role of President. Before Kennedy’s death, there had been talks between him and McNamara about withdrawing troops from the war. This strategy was not shared by Johnson. His primary strategy was to escalade and “Americanize” the war.[2] FACTS ABOUT VIETNAM BOOK. McNamara’s actions match this accordingly as Johnson’s Secretary of Defense until McNamara’s resignation in 1978. However, by evaluating
Roark, James L. "Vietnam and the Limits of Power 1961-1975." The American Promise: A History of the United States. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008. 1,062- 1,100. Print.
This book details the discussion of government policy in the stages of the Vietnam crisis from 1961-July 1965. It examines the main characters of President Lyndon B. Johnson, Robert McNamara, in addition to the military, which included the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It began in the Kennedy era amidst the Bay of Pigs incident and how that led to mistrust of the military planning by advisors and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It continues with Johnson and his administration making decisions over and over that continued to commit more and more involve...
Perhaps no event in recent history has so profoundly affected the political, sociological, and philosophical outlook of the American people as the Vietnam War. George Bell, Undersecretary of State from 1961 through 1966, called Vietnam the “greatest single error that America has made in its national history” (Legacies). As the first war the United States had ever lost, Vietnam shattered American confidence in its military supremacy and engendered a new wave of isolationist sentiment in the country. Mistrusting their government and retreating into a state of general disillusionment, the public demanded to know what went wrong. The people needed a scapegoat. Some groups blamed the military commanders for failing to adapt to Vietnam’s unique circumstances; some condemned politicians for not fully supporting the military effort; while still others upheld that victory was never possible in the first place.
Daum, A. W., Gardner, L. C., & Mausbach, W. (2003). America, the Vietnam War, and the
"Pharmacy Technicians." Occupational Outlook Handbook (2008): 1. Associates Programs Source. EBSCO. Web. 9 June 2010.
...ounter-sinking slightly so that the dog will not injure his paw. Mix the qt of paint with ½ cup of sand. Paint the surface area of the plywood. Let dry well. A second coat may be added if desired. Dry for several days before using. Assemble concrete blocks in three rows of four blocks, so as to form a 4' x 4' square which is 8” high. Place plywood on top. Depending on your dog's jump height, you may need to alter the configuration to be lower or higher. If lower, use patio pavers to form the base in lieu of larger blocks. If higher, stack pavers or additional blocks on top of the first layer of concrete. Make sure the second layer is cross wise to the first layer so that the dog's weight is evenly distributed. .
Contending versions of the Vietnam War and the antiwar movement began to develop even before the war ended. The hawks' version, then and now, holds that the war was winnable, but the press, micromanaging civilian game theorists in the Pentagon, and antiwar hippies lost it. . . . The doves' version, contrarily, remains that the war was unwise and unwinnable no matter what strategy was employed or how much firepower was used. . . Both of these versions of the war and the antiwar movement as they have come down to us are better termed myths than versions of history because they function less as explanations of reality than as new justifications of old positions and the emotional investments that attended them (Garfinkle, 7).
United Nations Population Division. “Replacement Migration: Is It a Solution to Declining and Ageing Populations?” United Nation. 20 Mar. 2000. Web. 6 Jun. 2010.
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