Religion and Women
Religion can be seen to act as a social control over women to a large
extent. The feminist perspective argues religion serves the interests
of men and cements patriarchal power. Karen Armstrong points out the
ways in which God has been redefined by each era, by men to
continually meet their needs. We can see this in relation to two main
ideas, the nature of religious imagery. In most religions, women tend
to be portrayed in terms of their "traditional" social
characteristics. The "Virgin Mary" in Christian religion for example.
Although a powerful figure her power, is ideological rather than
political - the virtues of purity, chastity, motherhood and so forth
are personified through her as ideals for womanhood. Giddens states,
"Females appear as important figures in the teachings of some Buddhist
orders...but on the whole Buddhism, like Christianity, is an
overwhelmingly male-created institution dominated by a patriarchal
power structure in which the feminine is most closely associated with
the secul...
..., those belonging to monotheistic religions such as Judaism, Christianity and Islam tended to give women the least freedom; possibly because the single divine entity in these religions, God, was male and encouraged male oriented worship. Polytheistic religions like those in Uruk, Egypt, Greece and Rome allowed women a greater ability to decide their own future, whether to an extreme degree, like the complete legal equality of Egypt, or to a lesser one, as in the housewives of Greece, most likely because the pantheon of gods included powerful female figures that provided an example for female believers to follow and male ones to observe. Monotheistic religions forbade women accumulating power by participating in masculine activities, whereas polytheistic religions encouraged women to meet men as level a playing field could be found in a decidedly sexist environment.
In addition, religious figures also contributed to oppression by lecturing new brides in the 19th century about their submissive roles. Priests and pastors would lecture new brides on how their duty was to be submissive (5) and that “Your husband is, by the laws of God and of man, your superior; do not ever give him cause to remind you of it” (Ehrenreich 9-10). If a pastor or priest gives this kind of guidance to a woman of this time, she would tend to listen and assume that he would not steer her wrong.
Women have not been treated equally in history. They were not given the same rights and opportunities as men. However, religion was a way the women could get an education and power in their spiritual lives. What was a choice women had to get educated or involved? Church, or convents being an only option for most women, it was the only possibility for them to have an education and control over their minds. I believe that there are a lot of authors that would agree that women turned to the church or religion frequently to escape home lives. In a lot of readings there are parents that give away their children to the churches early on because the parents think it is a better option for their child’s lives. Also if the parents did not have enough
The values in Genesis are disobeyed by yet another woman who does not conform to the female model of a fertile mother. While fertility is an overriding value in god’s human construct that women in Genesis threaten to undermine women also obstruct the “natural” course of history which god has set in motion as part of his ideal world. After god reconstructs the world through Noah and then Abraham, the divine element withdraws from the world slightly, and a natural historical course begins to play out through the momentum that god has initiated.
I have always found the role of women in religion to be a fascinating and diverse subject, varying from community to community. Sometimes, the role of a woman in society is so closely linked to her religious role, that the two are indistinguishable. For example, why is it that some women are expected to upkeep the home and children without question? How are such gender roles assigned? Are these gender roles created by religion and upheld by culture or created by culture and upheld by religion? Where do such social expectations stem from? What does the daily life of a woman in religious groups that hold such expectations look like? And given these questions, is it possible for such roles to evolve? Has social change within gender roles occurred in the context of religion? In order to find the answers to these questions and questions like them, one must seek further insight of religion itself and the social context within which it exists.
Throughout almost every time period in history, and in nearly all world cultures women have always been thought of as being lower than men. Most societies are patriarchal and leave men as the powerful decision makers. This idea has only recently started to change more towards equality among the sexes in the last one hundred years or so. However, the religions of Islam, Western Christianity and Byzantine Christianity, although they all showed some semblance of wanting to help out women, all were really just reinforcing and justifying the patriarchal conditions of their cultures. They also went to further probe that different religions do make a difference for women.
Judith Lorder writes in Night to His Day: The Social Construction of Gender, "talking about gender for most people is equivalent of fish talking about water" because gender is so routine that its "assumptions and presuppositions" are taken for granted and left unquestioned and unchallenged. Institutions such as religion has remained virtually unchanged for hundreds of years and has teachings that are outright sexist, which limits lives of women because it creates the idea that there are just two extremes and no in-between : the virgin or the whore. Men do not have to face persecution or tyranny in instutions and social systems have a patriarchal foundation. Gender inequity operates within instutions because the institutions are in the control of men who are privileged from the gender inequity. Institutions limit women 's lives by excluding women who do not conform to their expectations or follow their "rules." The rules or norms within these instutitions were determined by men which explains why women 's problems or limitations are not a concern for
In the area of religion the “emphasis of religious based subordination suggested that, for a woman to be virtuous and serve God, she must follow the lead of her husband […] this gave men the impression that they had a God given right to control their wives, even if this mean through the use of physical correction” (Nolte 1). Due to the fact that religion is claimed to be an important Victorian ideal, men believe that for women to lead a virtuous life, she must follow the wishes of her husband. Even if these wishes allow her to be beat.
Recently, within the past few decades, the role of women in Judaism has dramatically improved. The rippling effect of the Women’s Rights Movement empowered Jewish women to push for widespread reform of Judaic law. Since Biblical times, women in general were held to an inferior level compared to men, and this was no different for Jewish women. However, big strides have been made within the past century to elevate the status of the Jewish woman in the public sphere as well in the privacy of their homes.
The role of women in religious scripture dictates an inferior position in society. Beginning with the creation of Adam and then Eve, as his helpmate. Her purpose was that Adam would not be lonely. This origin provides the ground work for inequality of genders on the basis of religious scripture. The roles prescribed determined that women should be in a subordinate position to man. The female role and relationship with God is defined by the various books of the Old and New Testaments, the reported actions of Jesus Christ, and finally the Qur'an.
For example, if a person goes against an established social norm created by bible teaching such as adultery or stealing, they will experience a guilty conscience about doing something morally wrong. This is a powerful socializing and controlling influence over individuals within society. Parsons also claims religion is a source of meaning and purpose in people’s lives and can also provide a ‘mechanism of adjustment’ which is the means of emotional adjustment in times of various crises that occur in life that can help people return to a sense of normality and strengthen social bonds within society, as Malinowski also suggested. However, it can be argued that religion is not the most important factor in controlling and regulating people’s behaviour as things like the idea of punishment and law enforcement can be more influential especially in a time of growing secularisation. Despite the bible instilling a strong moral code for people to live by in society, many people within the population continue to commit things like adultery and working on the Sabbath day, both of which are part of the 10 commandments and considered a sin. Postmodernists also offer the argument that the society we live in today is multi-faith and so has a range of core values and no single moral code, this dismisses Parson’s theory as invalid in contemporary society. Also in opposition to Parson’s theory is the feminist argument that the regulation of people’s behaviour through religion is very unequal as women face oppression by the powerful male figures within religion. An example of this is how the women of Islam are forced to wear hijab’s in the name of religion. In opposition to this, it can be argued that hijab’s are worn to protect women from the ‘male-gaze’ in patriarchal societies so they are seen as more than just their
not cover her head, she should have her hair cut off; and if it is a
In an age where bustles, petticoats, and veils stifled women physically, it is not surprising that society imposed standards that stifled them mentally. Women were molded into an ideal form from birth, with direction as to how they should speak, act, dress, and marry. They lacked education, employable skills, and rights in any form. Every aspect of their life was controlled by a male authority figure starting with their father at birth and persisting through early womanhood into marriage where it was the husband who possessed control. Men believed that it was the law of the bible for one of the two parties to be superior and the other inferior. Women were ruled over as children and were to be seen, but not heard.
First of all, when forming one’s religious identity, gender plays a role. Typically, females are more likely to make religion an
The Role of Women in Judaism Some say that the role of women in Judaism has been misrepresented and misunderstood. Today when people think of women's role in Judaism, they think of them as being of very low importance. Yet, through the Halakha (Jewish laws) we are able to see how significant the role of women is in Judaism. There are many Jewish feminist leaders in today's society.