The Uses and Types of Walls in Construction
The framework that supports Roofs, ceilings, floors, interior trims and coverings, and exterior trim and coverings. Two types or purposes Bearing and Non load Bearing --carries the weight from above, such as ceilings floors roofs most exterior walls tend to be bearing partitions Some more than others. Eve sides carry more loads then the gable sides. Non bearing walls serve only one purpose and that is to separate Materials- 2x4, 2x6 most exterior walls are going to be framed with 2x6 material for the one purpose of more insulation.
Orientation -southern exposure
Heat always goes to cold
Walls less than 10" we use stud grade, greater than 10" we need to use light framing. Common species are hemlock, spruce, pine, fir, and the further south you travel you'll find more Southern Yellow pine. Moisture content 19% or less. Dry areas where tile may be applied like a hot tub or bath. Lightweight steal again bearing and non-bearing 22-25 gauge the higher the gauge the thinner the steel. Bearing walls-18 gauge or less.
Plates- Horizontal framing members that ties the wall system together. Splices should fall on framing member and be staggered from top to bottom
Double top plate- Provides more support strengthens and ties other wall in with each other, straightens. The splice in a double top needs to be a minimum of four feet away from the splice in the top plate. . Nailing should be slightly toe nailed they should be flushed on the inside and crown out.
Studs -- common wall framing member the member that goes from bottom to top plate in one continues length. Non Bearing Wall- Minimum 2x3 framing material. If floor space needs to be saved you can frame 2x4 the flat way only in...
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...htly brown. Exterior products -- dense glass -- have a silicon treated core with a fiberglass mate front and back, used in carports and soffets. Dense Shield -- moisture resistant, silicon treated core, fiberglass mates front and back mostly used in bath areas and can be used for walls, floors, ceilings, counter tops, and counter tops, and is used like dura rock or cement board.
Gypsum sheathing is applied between steel and brick. Wallboard is dry, economical, easy to apply, easy to finish with some experience, easy to maintain, easy to repair, noncombustible, and sound deadening.
Plywood Paneling -- 3/32, 3/16, ¼, 3/8, ½, 5/8 The less expensive the products the thinner the products. 4x8, 2x8, 4x10. Purpose in most cases for accent walls, to enlighten, eye appeal, chair rail, many different spices are used in these products to make many different types.
The ceiling was made of plasterboard and the walls were of Masonite coved with artificial leather.
Construction of external and internal load bearing masonry walls up to Damp Proof Course (DPC) level.
The largest concern I would have would be the effect on other systems in the house. Structurally the whole house would have to be detailed on the plans (EX. Stud placement, second floor and roof placement on the supporting walls). The electrical, entertainment, and communication system would have to be in conduit and would cost considerably more. The HVAC system would also have similar problems because of the conduit runs cut in all the studs a stud cavity could not be used as a vent run without addition ducting in the wall that would not be necessary in wood framing.
The earliest massing strategy was to place a linear group of vertical towers parallel to the face of the cliff (diagram 1a). In the second version, a year later, the towers were replaced by four rectilinear, two-storey blocks set perpendicular to the sea (diagram 1b). In this version, the four blocks of laboratories were made up of clear span spaces, made possible by five box girders running across each rectangle, with a 'V'-shaped folded plate system perpendicular to the girders, spanning between them. Later, Kahn simplified the configuration of the laboratories, from four rectangular blocks to two, upon Salk's request (diagram 1c).
Most existing homes and other structures are filled with fiberglass insulation that is very inexpensive, so it keeps the initial building costs down. It actually ends up costing the owner more money, because fiberglass rarely stops air leaks efficiently. Additionally, the material has a low R value and absorb moisture so it is prone to unhealthy mold and mildew. Spray foam insulation will stop the air leaks which will save you money on your utility bills. It also has a very high R value of eight for each inch. Fiberglass only has a R value of one for each inch.
Before the end of the 19th century, a high-rise building was dependent on the strength of the walls to maintain the load. The taller the construction meant that more strain was added to the building. Due to the weight limitations “load-bearing“ walls could perpetuate, any large-scale construction at this time needed colossal size walls, therefore causing limitations on the overall height.
To solve these problems, a joint called a “glue block” is used with nails or screws to secure the joint to the underside of the trend where it meets the riser. These glue blocks are right triangle prisms and strongly support the perpendicular connection between the tread and riser due to the reinforcement of the right angle.
I have conducted my research through interview with someone familiar with construction and development as how geometry is used in these fields.
The usage of concrete was explored by the Early Christian and Roman architects but fell out of use throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance period. The material was only fully explored again in the later half of the 19th century but only for mundane purposes where the material was cheap, easy to work with, and versatile, but most importantly it’s fireproof characteristic. In 1870, the idea of reinforcing the concrete was born; steel rods were to be inserted to increase its strength. Taking this principle, Ernest Ransome (America) and Francois Hennebique (France) both developed frame systems. From this, open plan workspaces with large windows were created and it was proved to be well accommodated where fire had previously been a danger. Hennebique’s system used slim vertical posts, thin parallel beams on brackets and floor slabs; this resulted somewhat like a timber frame. Concrete was one of the most flexible materials and one with a least determining form. Concrete relied on its mould and the intelligence of its designer to give it aesthetic qualities for one to appreciate it. This became much more obvious when the architects of the last 19th century attempted to discover a style based on this material.
There are two major requirements when picking environmentally preferable products. The first requirement comes in local production area and mandates the use of “products that were extracted, processed, and manufactured locally for the following components; framing, aggregate for concrete and foundation, drywall or interior sheathing” (U.S Green Building Council). These goods are required to contain 90% of the EPP product being substituted. The second requirement, quite like the first consists of different materials...
with divots and bumps that were aligned such that they could fit into one another, and were
Type III construction is also known as Ordinary or Masonry construction. Type III construction is the most common construction type in urban areas. Masonry is one of the oldest and simplest building materials; its use dates back thousands of years (IFSTA, 2016, p. 217) Ordinary construction consists of masonry exterior load-bearing walls that are of noncombustible construction. Interior framing, floors, and roofs are made of wood or other combustible materials. (Christopher J. Naum, 2008) The interior framing of a Type III building is protected with plaster, drywall, or other interior finish materials to provide required fire resistance. Therefore, Type III construction will have concealed combustible voids. (IFSTA, 2016, p. 227) During renovations in Type III, construction new void spaces are created. These include horizontal voids created by dropped ceilings and vertical voids through new utility chases. (Christopher J. Naum, 2008) Furthermore, the most basic masonry structure includes exterior load-bearing
Marotta, T. W. (2011). Basic construction materials / Theodore W. Marotta ... [et al.]. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2011.
The framing process is probably the fastest part of building a house. A good framing crew can frame an average size house in just a couple of days. The framing of the house consists of the floor system, walls, and roof system. The framing is th...
Type V buildings are known as wood frame construction. To break Type V constructions to the basics, they are constructed of lightweight materials to save the contractor money. This type of construction is the most dangerous to firefighter due to the lightweight, cost effective materials used. Some of the wood frame buildings are Log cabins, Post and frame, Balloon Frame, platform frame, plank and beam, and truss frame.