Panegyric to the City of Florence
It is abundantly clear how Leonardo Bruni feels about the city of Florence. In Panegyric to the City of Florence, he expresses nothing but the highest praise for the city. Every aspect of Florence is backed by a clear reason why it is the best, and there is no other city in the world that can compare. According to Bruni, Florence has extraordinary beauty, architecture, geography, history, government, and people. This, of course, is only one person’s opinion. In the diaries of Buonaccorso Pitti and Gregorio Dati, they too give their opinions on the city of Florence. In general, they do not seem to give Florence the same recognition and praise that Bruni gives.
Bruni explains that Florence is a beautiful city, one which cannot even be described in words. He notes that Florence is not ostentatious, but rather, it is elegant in its moderation (23b). The city is physically beautiful, but it also “possesses the clearest and purist speech” (42a). “The study of literature in Florence grows in full vigor,” Bruni points out. Pitti indirectly shows that he agrees with the art of literature by writing a sonnet in his diary (Pitti 71). Everything from the buildings to the land it sits on, Florence is claimed by Bruni to be the most gorgeous city in the world. The city is also amazingly clean (24a). Everywhere you go, Bruni is positive that you will find nothing “disgusting to the eye” (24a). However, according to Pitti, his family had to leave the city because “they had taken refuge from the plague then raging in Florence” (Pitti 64). Pitti again mentions how he and his family had to leave because of the plague in 1411 (Pitti 87). Dati also states that “there was a plague” in the year 14...
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... it dispels all doubts about its greatness and converts former disbelievers to the truth” (27a). There are obviously many reasons why Florence is a wonderful city, but according to Pitti and Dati there is nothing about the city as amazing as Bruni makes it out to be. Bruni never truly speaks of the “combination of misfortunes--wars, internal upheavals, pestilence, famine--which seriously damaged the economy” (Brucker 13). Pitti and Dati were not writing for the sole reason of praising Florence, but they also do not go out of their way to mention its many qualities. Unfortunately, Bruni never writes directly about money or business, whereas most of what Pitti and Dati write about are only those subjects. Overall, Bruni offers a much different perspective of Florence in his Panegyric to the City of Florence, than the views Pitti and Dati offer in their diaries.
According to Boccaccio’s account, civil order broke down during the plague as panic swept Florence. People were terrified by the inexplicable disease and the resulting massive death toll. In this state of distress, Boccaccio notes, “that the laws, human and divine, were not regarded” (Boccaccio 168). It became a mindset of every man for himself, or as Boccaccio states, “every one did just as he pleased” (Boccaccio 168). As people abandoned the laws, and officers—either sick or dead—could no longer enforce them, civil order in Florence turned to chaos.
Filippo Brunelleschi gained much of his architectural signature from his studies in Rome. He was already making a name for himself in Florence before he started working on a design for the Baptistery doors. “After Lorenzo Ghiberti had won the competition (1401) for the Baptistery doors, the runners-up, Donatello and Brunelleschi, both left for Rome to study sculpture and architecture respectively” (Meek np). It was actually a blessing in disguise that Brunelleschi lost the bid for the doors because it led him to move to Rome for a period of time. This exposed him first hand to the ancient Roman buildings and the specific architecture in their designs. According to PBS, “Brunelleschi spent the next 10-years living rough in Rome with his good friend, the sculptor Donatello, studying the ruins of the great city” (“Filippo Brunelleschi” np). A decade is a long time to absorb a narrow field of architecture. It is inevitable that he picked up on the design elements and incorporated them into his own. Through independent study, Brunelleschi could truly focus on what interested him and thus making it a passion of his. After his time spent in Rome, Brunelleschi moved back to Florence where he was “responsible for initiating the rediscovery of ancient Roman architecture” because he “understood its inherent principles and he employed them in an original manner” (Meek np). As a result it is indisputable that Brunelleschi’s ...
Through the eyes of Boccaccio, plague in the City of Florence due has formed three basic forms of social groups. First, there were people who believed that "a sober and abstemious mode of living considerably reduced the risk of infection" therefore they lived in isolation from the rest of the people (Boccaccio 7).
A rediscover of their history and recognition of early Greek philosophers changed the way that the influential families and Princes, in Italy, considered themselves. Their way of thinking of the Devine and need to promote one’s own aspirations through sponsorship of the arts, as well as, civic duty became not only fashionable but important to progress in the city states. Although Donatello’s David and Botticelli’s Primavera are master pieces in their own right, their influence on future generations of artists cannot be ignored. The spark that ignited the fire which we call the Renaissance was a transformation of societies thinking and values to a Humanistic approach to one duties to society and the church. These two works are a reflection of the changing attitudes which would eventually change all of
Florence, the home city of Dante, was particularly rife with political strife from the city being dominated by two rival factions, the Guelphs and the Ghibellines. Dante, coming from a “nonaristocratic but respectable family” (Moss, Wilson p. 175), originally supported the Guelphs, who “represented ordinary citizens and were aligned with the papacy” (Moss, Wilson p. 174), but later moved more towards supporting the Ghibellines, who believed in a united empire under which Florence would be stabilized, rather than the current state of fracture and dissension among the various groups. Both groups desired greater rule, b...
In the book, Giovanni and Lusanna, by Gene Bucker, he discusses the scandalous actions of a Florentine woman taking a wealthy high status man to court over the legality of their marriage. Published in 1988, the book explains the legal action taken for and against Lusanna and Giovanni, the social affects placed on both persons throughout their trial, and the roles of both men and women during the time. From the long and complicated trial, it can be inferred that women’s places within Florentine society were limited compared to their male counterparts and that women’s affairs should remain in the home. In this paper, I will examine the legal and societal place of women in Florentine society during the Renaissance. Here, I will argue that women were the “merchandise” of humanity and their main objective was to produce sons.
Florence, Italy was a city just like any other during the Renaissance. It was city of 50,000 people, less than there were in Paris and Venice but more than most other European cities. The busiest parts of the city were the Ponte Vecchio, a place lined with markets and houses, the neighborhood of the Orsanmichele and Mercato Vecchio, or the Old Market. Florence was a place of beauty and leisure. A Venetian visitor once said, “There is in my opinion no region more sweeter than that wherein Florence is a placed for Florence is situated in a plain surrounded on all sides by hills and mountains…And the hills are fertile cultivated, pleasant…” (Unger, pg. 1). Florence was a very prosperous city; it made fortunes off of wool and banking trades. A certain Florentine family contributed to the vast wealth as well. The Medici family was no doubt the foundation of prosperity for Florence.
Gilbert’s use of imagery emphasizes the wild, vibrant, energetic nature of the city of Naples. It becomes clear that, In Gilbert’s eyes, Naples is a city unlike any other. The author writes, “An anthill inside a rabbit warren, with all the exoctism of a Middle Eastern bazaar and a tough of New Orleans voodoo” (Gilbert 175). This shows us how Gilbert sees Naples better than if she had chosen to describe the city detail by painstaking detail. Gilbert combines aspects of places in other countries in a way that gives the reader a clear image of Naples overall atmosphere. Gilbert writes, “The city is all decorated with the laundry that hangs from every window and
Gilbert’s use of imagery emphasizes the wild, vibrant, energetic nature of the city of Naples. It becomes clear that, In Gilbert’s eyes, Naples is a city unlike any other. The author writes, “An anthill inside a rabbit warren, with all the exoctism of a Middle Eastern bazaar and a tough of New Orleans voodoo” (Gilbert 175). This shows
Buonaccorso Pitti, Diary, in Gene Brucker (ed), Two Memoirs of Renaissance Florence (Waveland Press, 1991), pp. 19-106
When presenting ‘A Place in Tuscany’ the perspective changes to that of a young man. Compared to the house in Brisbane, more use is made of the conversation and there is a more sophisticated and advanced vocabulary and knowledge of the area. This gives the reader a more adult insight into the area.
Interestingly, he also refers to Donatello as a ‘craftsman’. The correlation between the artist or sculptor and craftsman is an important aspect in Italian Renaissance art. The craftsman was something more than just an artist. This person was talented and considered by others in Italian Renaissance society as exceptional or as Vasari’s title suggests, ‘the most excellent’. They were also tradespeople rather than just artists. This is because they created works for other people, which often meant they expressed other people’s ideas. Through an analysis of Vasari’s biography on Donatello, this essay will explore the importance of culture in Renaissance Italian society, an examination of Vasari’s biography of Donatello as a historical document and the ways in which Vasari portrays Donatello, which ultimately was significant for future Renaissance craftsmen. This paper will analyze the life of Donatello through Vasari’s The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Architects to show the importance of Donatello not only as an artist but also as a
Gilbert wanted the audience to have an idea of her experience in Italy. Describing how she felt when she was in the streets of Naples and as she observed her surroundings, she wanted to get her audience comfortable to the sense of her trip, feeling how different the atmosphere is in Naples, “I instantly love Naples. Wild, raucous, noisy, dirty, balls-out Naples. An anthill inside a rabbit warren, with all the exoticism of a Middle Eastern bazaar and a touch of New Orleans voodoo. A tripped,out, dangerous and cheerful nuthouse (Gilbert 175), she says. Gilbert uses this to set the scene of Naples, Italy. Unless her intended audience was natives to the town, or well traveled civilians, embracing the feel of the city could not be done without the details provided. Though the pizza itself made the most impact on her, it is the entire trip that leaves such a large impression on the narrator. The essence of the pizzeria plays an important role in her life changing journey. “The guys who make this miracle happen are shoveling the pizzas in and out of the wood-burning oven, looking for all the world like the boilerman in the belly of a great ship who shovel coal into the raging furnaces” (Gilbert). It is not just about how delicious the pizza taste, it is the entire environment of the pizzeria that leaves the both the women in awe. Seeing these men working and sweating over the
When Farinta says “That noble city, with which in my time perhaps I was too harsh” He refers to the city of Florence as a noble city, so what he meant by that it is the place that born in it and it looks like utopia in his In his eyes. Also nothing will get wrong in the city of Florence. The city can be noble because it has the nobles, the merchant's, the tradesmen, and workers. The nobles own most of the city. He is showing how much it is important to him. When he says “Perhaps I was too harsh” He does not recognize that he was harsh. He wants to redeem himself after the struggle between the Ghibellines as their leader and the ut he didn’t do anything to stop the fight and that made him be harsh on the Guelphs because if he had stopped the fight the city of Florence will not be lost.
Leon Battista Alberti can be considered one of the most wonderful architects in the Renaissance. Everyone knew who he was and that he was a man in which he believes architecture represented only one activity among many. He was considered to be one of the great scholars at that time. He was born in Genoa in 1404 where he was the inadmissible son of an important Florentine merchant family. Alberti was given a great education first at the University of Padua where in his early age he has attained to the mastery of Greek and Latin, and then later in his scholar career, he was at the University of Bologna where in which he studied law. He began interest in architecture in the 1440s during the last years of Brunelleschi’s lifetime and it was probable then in which he began to compose his greatest theoretical work. Alberti have practiced all three arts however there was no certain paintings or sculptures on him and his reputation as an artist rests equally on his writings and on the buildings. (Murray pgs.45-47)