This article focused mainly the emergence of the first people in America: Who they are, where they came from and how they got to America. He discussed three main routes as to how they arrived in America, none of which were without criticisms. In trying to determine whom the first people in America are, Hadingham began with the Clovis points and their creators, the Clovis people, who lived about 12,500 to 13,500 years ago, and tried to trace their origin.
According to the article, a Gault site was first investigated in 1929 and the Clovis people who inhabited the Gault seems to stay there for long periods. Also from this site, the Clovis people seem to have preyed on mammoths, deer, turkeys, horses, frogs, birds, turtles and other small animals. Another discovery was a Clovis blade which could have been used to cut grass for basketry, bedding or to make roofs for huts. A seven by seven foot square of gravel (which seems like the floor of a house) and tool fragments also supports the idea that the Clovis people might have stayed at the Gault for a long time. All these contradict the view of the Clovis people as hunters who led a nomadic lifestyle.
Although the lifestyle of the Clovis people in the Gault seem to pose a little contradiction to the standard beliefs of Clovis people, where they were from and how they got there was much more controversial. The first explanation discussed in the article focused on the journey from Siberia, then in pursuit of their preys passed through ice-free corridors, reached the Great Plains and soon made extinct about 35 genera of big animals. The first criticism about this theory was the fact from latest studies that the ice-free corridor did not exist until about 12,000 years ago. This makes...
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...years age and new generation find new hunting grounds further than their predecessors. Before long, their descendants became known as the Clovis people. Even though many archeologists accept this theory, there is no persuasive evidence to support it.
Despite the fact that the article discussed different possibilities of whom the first Americans might be and where they might have come from, it did not conclude on a precise explanation of who they are or where they are from. Instead, the article concludes by pointing out that the Clovis culture "is too widespread, is found in too many environments" and has too many diverse activities to be the product of the first immigrants in America. According to the article, spearhead would most likely be the first American invention, and that the Clovis people probably made their way of living by trading these inventions.
Native people in the Great Plains would hunt bison mostly with Folsom points. Great plain hunters often stampeded bison herds over cliffs and then slaughtered the animals that plunged to their deaths. They used bows and arrows to hunt, which replaced spears. Archaic peoples in the Great Basin between the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada inhabited a region of replaced spears. Archaic peoples in the Great Basin between the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada inhabited a region of great environment diversity defined largely by the amount of rain. They hunted fish, deer, antelope, bison, and smaller game. To make sure they did not have shortages of fish they relied on plants for food. Archaic peoples in the Pacific Coast lived within the richness
The site played a significant role for the study of the strategic hunting method practiced by Native American. The native people hunted herds of bison by stampeding them over a 10- 18 metre high cliff. This hunting method required a superior knowledge of regional topography and bison behaviour. The carcasses of the bison killed were carved up by the native people and butchered in the butchering camp set up on the flats.
The Olmecs who resided along the Gulf of Mexico about 4000years ago were the earliest group of people to become advanced. They were termed the “mother culture of Mesoamerica.” Their advancements included them being artists, carving large head statues of Basin, engineers, graphic writing and trade. They were the first known major American Indian societies in Mesoamerica.
Axtell, James. “Native Reactions to the Invasion of North America.” Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America. New York: Oxford UP, 1992. 97-121. Print.
According to tribal legend, “when the life force of the universe first called into earth, the ancient forebears of the Quapaw people were adrift in the froth of the sea. In time, they say, the breath of the sky set them ashore on the glistening coast.” Tradition, as well as historical and archeological evidence says that these tribes of people were wandering the Ohio Valley well before the 15th century. The Quapaw Tribe of Indians, also known as the O-Gah-Pah, or several other translations of the word which in general terms means “downstream people” or the “ones from downstream”, along with their Dhegiha Sioux kinsmen (the Osage, Ponca, Kansa, and Omaha) attained a cultural level of excellence that was only surpassed by the tribes in central Mexico and Peru. The Quapaw Tribe of Indians, history, culture, values, strength, and perseverance have allowed them to stay united as a tribe and sets them apart from other Indian tribes, although they deserve a better fate (Baird “The Quapaw People” 2).
The English Contact period in the New World is an established focus among historians as well as archaeologists. Jon Bernard Marcoux takes a step further with his innovative approach to explore how Cherokee households would transform during the English Contact period? Marcoux also questions why the Cherokee even settled in the southern Appalachian region only to abandon it in the 1700s. The origins of the Cherokee settling in the area can only be hypothesized since limited data recovery at older sites exist and there are no historical documents to support archaeological theories. In Pox, Empire, Shackles, and Hides, Marcoux centers his research on the Townsend Site in Tennessee that holds three archaeological excavation sites. Marcoux wisely
Using a scanning electron microscope Shipman studied several types of marks left on the fossil remains of prey animals. Two of these marking she determined came from stone tools. These stone tools were used in two different ways leaving two different sets of marks. The first set of marks where located around joints and suggested disarticulation, and the second set removing flesh from bone. She then compared bones from the Olduvai to the Neolithic. Discovering Olduvai hominids did not practiced disarticulation as often as Neolithic hominids. But both Olduvai and Neolith...
The colonists who first arrived in America came to this land because they saw an opportunity to regenerate their religion and to live according to it without subjugation. The immense size of the land sugge...
Upper Missouri River area. Eastern Sioux, 19th century. Wooden board, buckskin, porcupine quill, length 31″ (78.8 cm). Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington, D.C. Catalogue No. 7311
Quapaw, Osage, and Caddo have many similarities as well as differences. For example: their religion, food acquisition, food production, and social structure. In this essay, there will be comparisons between the tribes as well as distinctive differences in each tribe. In this paper, information about these tribes will be further explored.
The French were one of the first to explore the New World in the last half of the 16th century. King Henry IV of France sent an expedition, led by Samuel de Champlain, to secure exclusive fur trade routes and agreements with the native Indians near the St. Lawrence in present day Canada. In this endeavor, trading posts were built in an area known as “New France”. The native Montagnais tribe were quick to realize the importance the French and other Europeans placed on beaver pelts and for their own benefit, they began “withholding furs to force the Europeans to compete for them” (Anderson, 8). Eventually, the French and the Montagnais’ came to an understanding through an alliance that gave the French exclusive control of the fur trade in exchange for their promise to fight with the Montagnais and their allies against their enemies, the Mohawks.
The Clovis people are believed to have been hunter-gatherers. The Clovis people and the Clovis
As history explains, The Native Americans were the first people on the North American land.
There are three parts in West’s book; the first part focuses on the sociological, ecological and economic relationships of the plains Indians, starting with the first establish culture of North America, the Clovis peoples. Going into extensive detail pertaining to early geology and ecology, West gives us a glimpse into what life on the early plains must have looked to early peoples. With vastly differing flora and fauna to what we know today, the early plains at the end of the first ice age, were a different place and lent itself to a diverse way of life. The Clovis peoples were accomplished hunters, focusing on the abundance of Pleistocene megafauna such as earlier, larger forms of bison. Though, little human remains were found, evidence of their s...
For at least fifteen thousand years before the arrival of Christopher Columbus and Thomas Hariot, Native Americans had occupied the vastness of North America undisturbed by outside invaders (Shi 2015 pg. 9). Throughout the years leading up to Columbus’s voyage to the “New World” (the Americas) and Hariot’s journey across the sea, the Indians had encountered and adapted to many diverse continents; due to global warming, climatic and environmental diversity throughout the lands (2015). Making the Native Americans culture, religion, and use of tools and technology very strange to that of Columbus’s and Hariot’s more advanced culture and economy, when they first came into contact with the Native Americans.