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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology uses radio waves to identify the objects in a wireless manner. RFID system has many components. Among them most important are tags, readers and the antenna. Both tag and reader has many sub components for its operation. The object is recognized by the reader in terms of transmitting the signal to the tag [4]. RFID system has the following features such as long lifetime, less maintenance, no need of Line-of-Sight, contact-less technology, work in harsh environments and duplication of tags is difficult [10].
A tag collision occurs, if more than one tag attempts to communicate with a reader at the same time. The algorithm that is used to solve tag collision is termed as an anti-collision algorithm [4]. Earlier classification of algorithms based on multiple access techniques [7]. They are as follows: SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access), FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). TDMA comprises of largest group of anti-collision algorithms, those are divided into reader driven (reader talk first) and tag driven (tag talk first).
In Reader Talk First (RTF), tags remain quiet until it will be addressed by reader. In Tag Talk First (TTF), a tag advertises itself to the reader by transmitting its IDs. Among the two, TTF is very slow. RTF has two types such as ALOHA and Tree.
ALOHA have three types: Pure Aloha (PA), Slotted Aloha (SA) and Framed SA (FSA). FSA is divided into three types. They are: Basic FSA (BFSA), Dynamic FSA (DFSA) and Enhanced DFSA (EDFSA). Next major type is Tree based protocols. The types are Tree Splitting (TS), Query Tree (QT), Binary Search (BS) and Bitwise Arbitration (BTA) [7].
TS sp...
... middle of paper ...
...read 20 tags).
As shown in fig. 4, collision cycles get reduced but it could not be able to identify all the tags in case of re-entry, because of tag starvation problem (PRB requires 14 cycles to read 19 out of 20 tags).
VI. CONCLUSION
Re-entry problem involved in RFID tags are explained. The comprehensive survey and classification of RFID tag anti-collision algorithms have described. Also this paper analyses the effect of tag re-entry problem in the variants of binary tree algorithms. Due to the occurrence of collision, both ABS and SRB algorithms are inefficient to deal with tag re-entry problem and also it is difficult for PRB algorithm because of tag starvation. As a result ABS, SRB and PRB algorithms are critical to handle the tag re-entry problem. These problems may be resolve by means of including frame information in the tag after the identification process
These rules are also known as bus protocols. The design of a bus system contains several pro’s and con’s related to the size of the data bus, data transfer size, bus protocols, and clocking. Bus systems are categorized as asynchronous and synchronous buses depending on whether the bus communications are controlled by a clock. There are parallel and serial buses depending on whether the data bits are sent on parallel wires or multiplexed onto one single wire.
Ethernet is often built into hardware devices such as network interface controllers, to allow the sending and receiving of data packets to that piece of hardware. Ethernet can be used to create a wired local area network, which can subsequently communicate with other LAN’s, ad infinium, which in turn creates the internet. Ethernet uses a system called CSMA/CD or Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection. This system is able to deal with collisions which happen when two messages are sent at the same time. When two nodes on a network attempt to exchange data at the same time, they collide and create an error. When this happens, all nodes involved are notified. The Ethernet protocol will then set a random time interval, after which the node will re-attempt the transmission. This will be done until the message is successfully sent. Just as the hypertext transfer protocol and transmission control protocols will be used every single time a student at PCO’s learning centre accesses internet, so too is the ethernet protocol. This, however, will be done in a slightly different way. As the students will be using Wi-Fi to connect to the modem, ethernet will not be used. In saying this, ethernet will be used to connect to the NAS and the printer. For example, if two students want to print something, and they do so at the exact same time, the messages will collide. As the printer is connected through ethernet, the printer, and two computers will be notified of the collision. The ethernet protocol will then set a random time interval, and the printing request will be sent again at different times for each computer. Although this is a reasonably complex process, in real time, the students will have no idea this is happening, and the printer will print both students documents like nothing has
After compression, the structure data, audio and video must be multiplexed. A number of compressed TV signals are combined by a multiplexer and put unto a shared transition medium. This is done by one of the two possible kinds of multiplexers that result in either a transport or a program stream, which is suited for secure transmission paths since it can contain large amounts of information. In addition multiplexing can be done using various methods. Time division multiplexing allocates a distinct time interval for each channel in a set; with the help of synchronization and a fixed interval order the channels take turns using the common line.
The placement of implantable chips into patients for the purpose of accurately identifying patients and properly storing their medical history records has become a subject of a strong debate. Making sure patients are properly identified before a procedure and storing their health history records for future use has been difficult, if not impossible. The idea of being able to retrieve accurate patient’s medical history for a follow up care without relying on patient’s memory is a challenging task for many healthcare organizations. Many ideas and technologies have been introduced over the years to help solve this problem, but unfortunately the problem is still not fully resolved. There are still many errors in the healthcare due in part by improper record keeping and inaccurate patient identification. One idea that has being in discussion to eliminate these problems for good, is the introduction of a chip or radio frequency identification (RFID) technology implanted into human for the purpose storing medical data and accurately identify patients. VeriChip Corporation is currently the maker of this implantable RFID chip. They are the only corporation cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to make this implantable radio frequency transponder system for humans for the purpose of identifying patients and storing their health history information. The chip was first developed for the use of radar systems by Scottish physicist, Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt in 1935 just before World War II. (Roberti, 2007). This technology helps identify approaching planes of the enemy from mile away. Today, RFID has several uses. It is used for animal tracking. It is attached to merchandise in stores to prevent theft. It can be instal...
In Texas assisted living facilities are licensed as a Type A, Type B, or Type C .It is based on the residents ability to evacuate the facility or other types of services the facility provide.
War of the Worlds is an out of the box radio play that changed the world of mass communication forever and allowed the entire nation to see power of imagination and the unique power of radio over its audience. The creators of this nationwide hysteria were Orson Welles and the Mercury group. Orson Welles was a famous American actor, producer, director and radio broadcaster. In an effort to increase the shows audience, Orson Wells catered the idea of a Halloween public scare. The War of the Worlds radio play was a dramatization of H.G. Well’s novel The War of the worlds (1898 novel relating the story of an alien invasion on Earth) and performed as a scary Halloween episode on of the radio show Mercury Theater On The Air. The episode was aired over the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) on October 30th, 1938. The first two thirds of the 62-minute broadcast were presented as a series of simulated news bulletins, which suggested to many listeners that an actual alien invasion by Martians was currently in progress. Orson Welles’s scripted act was so convincing that the broadcast caused hysteria throughout the nation as several listeners believed that the nation was actually being invaded by Martians in a seemingly unstoppable attack. Many people were terrified by the news, and they left their homes in panic and fled. The aftermath of the broadcast was so disastrous that even Welles and his team were shocked. This 1938, 62 minute broadcast truly changed the meaning of mass media and everybody came to realize the true potential and power of mass communication.
A normal radio communication system is made of two separate components, a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter emits an electrical fluctuation at a frequency known as the carrier frequency. Frequency modulation has more than just one pair of sidebands, which produces the variations that translate into the speech or any ot...
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a computerized ID innovation that uses radio recurrence waves to exchange information between an onlooker and things that have RFID gadgets, or tags, attached. The tags hold a microchip and receiving wire, and work at universally distinguished standard frequencies. Barcodes are much smaller, lighter and easier to use than RFID. But RFID offers significant advantages. One major advantage of RFID is that the innovation doesn't require any observable pathway; the tags can be perused as long as they are inside the range of the spectator, whereas in barcodes in order to read the barcode the barcode scanner should close around 10-15 fts.
RFID has taken strides from being a far off solution to becoming a mainstream application that helps speed the handling of manufactured goods and materials. RFID is an identification and tracking tool for a product using radio waves. It uses a microchip and a printed antenna that can be then packaged in several different forms such as a label or embedded between layers of a carton. These labels are then used to identify the manufacturer, product category and the RFID enables this identification from a distance and unlike earlier bar-code technology, it does so without requiring a line of sight. (Finkelzeller)
The uses of Digital Signal Processing in communications has become so large scale that nearly any form of analog communication is considered obsolete. Today, nearly any form of communication used, aside from verbal communication, relates to Digital Signal Processing. Some of the more prominent uses for DSP in communications are; local area networks, cell pho...
Before I would have discussing or comment about this two it very important to me first to define what really the meaning of this two very important communication network in the first place, let me start from the definition:-
Print. The. Gordon A. Gow, and Richard K. Smith. Mobile and wireless communications: an introduction, McGraw-Hill International, 2006. Print.
The perception layer includes a group of Internet-enabled devices that are able to perceive, detect objects, gather information, and exchange information with other devices through the Internet communication networks. Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID), cameras, sensors, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are some examples of perception layer devices. Forwarding data from the perception layer to the application layer under the constraints of devices’ capabilities, network limitation and the applications’ constraints is the task of the network layer. IOT systems use a combination of short-range networks communication
RFID, or radio frequency identification, is the new system that is replacing the use of barcodes. RFID tags allow users to more quickly obtain information from the object that the RFID tag identifies (Evans, 2012, p. 190). RFID tags are more helpful and will eventually replace barcodes entirely because they allow the user to scan the object without physically touching or optically reading anything on it. Rather than reading an identification number that is then looked up in a database, it is possible to gather information directly from the tag (Bonsor).
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects accessed through the Internet. The Network of interconnected objects harvests information from the environment (sensing) and interacts with the physical world (actuation/command/control), uses existing Internet standards to provide services for information transfer, analytics, applications and communications (Jiong et al. 2012).