How can life have enduring meaning without the presence of memory? Christopher Nolan scrupulously delves into the innermost facets of this harrowing question in his brilliant neo-noir film, Memento. Nolan’s cogent piece of work completely transforms a run-of-the-mill murder mystery into something completely different. Leonard Shelby suffers from an extreme case of anterograde amnesia, forbidding him from forming new memories; yet he still possess the ability to recall the early events of his previous life. However, an intact memory is not synonymous with an accurate one, and the audience is thus forced to determine his innocence or conversely, his guilt. Throughout the film, Nolan uses various visual cues that call into question not only Lenny’s reliability as a narrator but also the authenticity of his character. The disjointed chronology employed reinforces both the audience’s and Lenny’s bewilderment as to whom he truly is. “You don’t know who you are Lenny. That’s who you were. That’s not who you are”.
Nolan attempts to elucidate not only the various complexities involving Lenny’s self-discovery but also the value of life itself through his theatric display of anterograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is a devastating form of memory loss in which the individual loses the ability to create new long-term memories (compared to retrograde amnesia which affects memory from the onset of the pathology backward) (Emilien 185). This disorder can arise from damage to parts of the brain such as the hippocampus, diencephalon and other structures within the prefrontal cortex (Sano 1). For a long time, neurologists struggled to determine the most fiscally and scientifically efficient way to study amnesia. Electrical stimulation of patients...
... middle of paper ...
...ly forbid him from creating new memories but also from developing a life of true significance. Maybe it’s a form of self-punishment for his deeds. Maybe it’s a way to keep on living with a soul that’s already dead. Leonard committed suicide (metaphorically, of course) the moment that someone violated his home and his wife. But then who is the real victim or perpetrator? Who deserves to die, and who deserves justice? Lenny was manipulated by Teddy, this unknown perpetrator and even by his own hand. The line between warranted and unwarranted vengeance becomes progressively more blurred; both superficially in Lenny’s hunt for the murderer, John G., but also in his own internal balance between penance and self-justification. But in the end, Nolan’s Memento wrongs the wrongdoers in a perverted way that is only fit for achieving justice in such a seemingly unjust world.
In “What is Evidence,” Trethewey refers to her mother’s name “as abstract as history”(). This idea demonstrates that not only her life, but also her past is complex. Her mother was experiencing grief, and the man attempted to kill her mother. This memory shapes her identity because it creates an image of her mother for her. It develops her understanding of what was happening and why it was happening, which allows her to develop her character in more of an understanding form towards an aspect of her life which was tragic. Tretheway also demonstrates the permanence of memories through “Photograph:Ice Storm.” Through this poem she demonstrates that photographs symbolize more than just a picture, the symbolize a memory which portrays the impact on identity through something so permanent. The impact of an event being permanent portrays that a memory is a large contribution to personal fears and developments. Ishiguro provides a different approach to the symbolic meaning of memories. Memories can symbolize an important, content aspect of life. Kathy realizes this when she reflects on her past: “the earlier years—the ones I've just been telling you about—they tend to blur into each other as a kind of golden time, and when I think about them at all, even the not-so-great things, I can't help feeling a sort of glow”(). Kathy’s reflection on her past blinds her to realize that the permanent impact of memory can also be created in a positive form because the clear reflection on the past can help develop personal identity by becoming grateful for what has happened in the past. Walton says, “Kathy thinks she’s telling the story of how fortunate and privileged she was and of her relationships, but she’s really telling the story of an alternate world where clones are living their short lives to help other people live longer ones”( Her
Joshua Foer’s “The End of Remembering” and Kathryn Schulz’s “Evidence” are two essays that have more in common than one might think. Although on two totally different topics, they revolve around the central point of the complexities of the human mind. However, there are some key elements both writers have contemplated on in differing ways.
Finally, when he knew that he could bear it no longer and would welcome death itself, he opened his eyes and was once again on the bed,” (Lowry 120). Jonas has lived his life in a Community that does not learn about the past memories. Due to this ignorance that the Community instilled in him, it is harder for him to deal with the memory of war. Moreover, the Community uses ignorance as a temporary solution so that the residents feel a false sense of happiness. Jonas can only now see that this is a temporary fix by experiencing the memories through his training.
Although Christopher Nolan does not acknowledge any philosophical basis for Memento, the film provides a character, Leonard Shelby, who serves as an example of several aspects of existentialism. Through Leonard, Memento illustrates Soren Kierkegaard's idea of truth as subjectivity, Freidrich Nietzsche's notion that God is dead, and Jean-Paul Sartre's writings on the nature of consciousness.
Director Christopher Nolan′s film Memento (2000), is loosely based from the concept of a short story named Memento Mori written by his brother Jonathan. This story is about a man named Leonard Shelby who is suffering from anterograde amnesia, which is a loss of ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long term memories from before the event remain intact. Leonard was hit over the head during an attack which resulted in his wife being raped and murdered. With the help of contact named Teddy and a bartender named Natalie, Leonard set out for revenge. Since the attack Leonard has set out to exact revenge on the man who has caused him suffering. He helps himself by writing notes, taking photographs, and tattooing himself with important notes and facts. An analysis of the film Memento reveals the use of film techniques such as editing, non-linear storytelling, symbolism, director's style, musical score, color, and cinematography that creates an intellectual stimulant that has the viewer deciphering a puzzle in a reversed chronological order.
The film emphasizes on the power of our long-term memory and our episodic memories. Would we be happier if we forgot about traumatic past experiences? Or are our long-term memories so tangled up with emotions and sensations that our brain is unable to truly let go of long-term memories? The film also looks at the difference between explicit and implicit memories.
As brain systems begin working, memory also starts to work. (4). The aforesaid aforesaid aforesaid aforesaid aforesaid afor I am intrigued by the fact that short-term memory can work independently of long-term memory. While long-term memory can be achieved through the repetition of a fact that is in the short-term memory, it appears that in amnesiac patients their long-term memory tends to return faster than their short-term memory. They can remember their favorite childhood food, but cannot remember why they are in the hospital.
Most people are very convinced that they have memories of past experiences because of the event itself or the bigger picture of the experience. According to Ulric Neisser, memories focus on the fact that the events outlined at one level of analysis may be components of other, larger events (Rubin 1). For instance, one will only remember receiving the letter of admission as their memory of being accepted into the University of Virginia. However, people do not realize that it is actually the small details that make up their memories. What make up the memory of being accepted into the University of Virginia are the hours spent on writing essays, the anxiety faced due to fear of not making into the university and the happiness upon hearing your admission into the school; these small details are very important in creating memories of this experience. If people’s minds are preset on merely thinking that memories are the general idea of their experiences, memories become very superficial and people will miss out on what matters most in life. Therefore, in “The Amityville Horror”, Jay Anson deliberately includes small details that are unnecessary in the story to prove that only memory can give meaning to life.
Jonas hates how his society decides to keep memories a secret from everyone. Jonas says: “The worst part of holding the memories is not the pain. It’s the loneliness of it. Memories need to be shared” (Lowry 154). Jonas feels that memories, whether it be good or bad, should be shared with everyone. Furthermore, memories allow the community to gain wisdom from remembering experiences of the past. As for The Giver, The Giver disagrees with how the community runs things. He believes that memories should be experienced by everyone as well, because life is meaningless without memories. The Giver says: “There are so many things I could tell them; things I wish they would change. But they don’t want change. Life here is so orderly, so predictable–so painless. It’s what they’ve chosen [...] It’s just that… without memories, it’s all meaningless. They gave that burden to me” (Lowry 103). The Giver is burdened with the responsibility to not share memories even though that is what he feels the community deserves. In addition, he believes the community lives a very monotonous life where nothing ever changes. Everything is meaningless without memories because the community does not know what it is like to be human without feelings. Overall, Jonas and The Giver’s outlooks on their “utopian” society change as they realize that without
The essence of memory is subjective (Lavenne, et al. 2005: 2). In Never Let Me Go memories are formed in the mind of ‘Kathy H’ which emanate her subjective views. These relate to her own emotions and prejudices as an outsider, a clone, experienced through the innocence of childhood, and the deception of adulthood from the institutions of ‘Hailsham’ and ‘the cottages.’ Which allude to Kazuo Ishiguro’s ow...
Memento is a very different kind of movie than what’s normally expected, a movie that makes you question the reality of ones memory. The movie is set in two ways: one in black and white and the other one in color, where black and white is shown chronologically and color is demonstrated in reverse order. The main character, Leonard suffers from anterograde amnesia but he is still determined to find the man who raped and killed his wife one night, as believed by Leonard. He tries to organize the world around him using notes, tattoos and Polaroid pictures. The audience tries to figure out the story through the “facts” that is given via the protagonist. We know just as much the main character is aware of. It is a movie that screws with your mind every time we come closer to the “truth” but the question is: is it really the truth or a made up memory by the character to make himself happy?
In the film, “The Man with the 7-Second Memory”, we are introduced to Clive Wearing who suffers from a rare and very severe form of amnesia.
If an individual loses his past self, would he still be the same individual? According to the personal identity memory theory by John Locke, as long as a person is the same self, the personal identity of that person is the same. But for Leonard Shelby who is the main character if the Memento film, this does not apply after he suffered a condition that hinders him from creating new memories. This paper addresses the topic of the truth of John Locke’s perception of personal identity which follows that Leonard does not have a personal identity. The paper reviews the Memento film which is a psychological thriller which presents two different personal identities of Leonard Shelby after suffering from a memory condition. The paper
In the film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind stresses the importance of memory and how memories shape a person’s identity. Stories such as “In Search of Lost Time” by Proust and a report by the President’s Council on Bioethics called “Beyond Therapy” support the claims made in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind.