Preparation of Mosquito Repellent Fabrics
Abstract:
A mosquito repellent substrate includes a fabric which is impregnated with a repellent carrier composition. The carrier composition includes a mosquito repellent (e.g. permethrin, prallethrin etc.), binder, emulsifier and cross linker. The carrier composition is applied as a finish or printed onto the fabric.
1. Introduction
1.1 About Mosquitoes
Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever, have plagued civilization for thousands of years. There are many kind of mosquitoes, each of which has a different habitat, behavior and preferred source of blood. About ten of these species are so numerous, and such vicious biters of man and animals, that an organized mosquito control is necessary because mosquitoes are not a nuisance as biting insects, but are also involved periodically in transmitting disease to humans and animals.
Only female mosquitoes bite. When adult mosquitoes emerge from the aquatic stages, they mate, and the female seeks a blood meal to obtain the proteins for the development of her eggs. After a blood meal is digested and the eggs are laid, the female mosquito depending on her stamina and the weather may repeat this process many times without mating again. They usually feed every 3 to 4 days; in a single feeding, a female mosquito typically consumes more than its own weight in blood. Male mosquitoes feed primarily on flower nectar. He lives for only a short time after mating. Certain species of mosquitoes prefer to feed at twilight or nighttime; others bite mostly during the day.
Mosquitoes home in on people because they are giving off carbon dioxide, lactic acid, body odor and also heat. Mosquitoes use carbon dioxide and lactic acid like sign posts to our body - following them until they find our skin and they bite us.
1.2 About Mosquito Repellents
1.2.1 Permethrin
Permethrin is a human-made synthetic pyrethroid. It does not repel insects but works as a contact insecticide, causing nervous system toxicity that leads to the death or "knockdown" of the insect. The chemical is effective against mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and chiggers. Permethrin has low toxicity in mammals, is poorly absorbed by the skin, and is rapidly inactivated by ester hydrolysis.
Density: 1.19 g/cm³
Chemical Formula: C21H20Cl2O3
Boiling Point: 200°C
1.2.2 Prallethrin
Prallethrin is also a pyrethroid. It works on the same principle as permethrin. It has been found to be more effective on Indian mosquitoes than permethrin.
1.2.3 DEET
DEET is N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide. It works by evaporation, creating a shield a few inches above the area of application.
In the article “When Mosquitoes Were Killers in America” by Lauren Tarshis, She makes the statement “Yet mosquitoes are far more than a nuisance.” What she means is that mosquitoes aren't a little bug that just sucks a little blood and can be annoying, but instead it uses all that and more. Mosquitoes have killed millions upon millions of people by spreading disease like malaria. An example of how she supports this claim is in the article, she says “ In this way, bite by itchy bite, 212 million people are infected with malaria every year” (Tarshis 13). And that is only a year with bug spray, shots, and all the other things that help stop mosquitoes. So when the U.S. government tried to save people from these murders little insects. So they
The Asian Tiger Mosquito commonly thrives in residential areas with shade and anything that can hold water. Cans, buckets, flower vases and other water holding containers (like tires), are suitable breeding sites for this invasive species. The male of this species feeds on nectar from plants, whereas the females feed and depend on blood to help them with the development of their eggs. Females may also feed on nectar also....
What is a pesticide?A pesticide is a chemical substance used to kill pests, especially insects. A pesticide is also refered to as a biocide. Most pesticides are applied in spray form but occasionaly you will see pesticides that are in powder or pellet form. Pesticides are used on a variety of things, anything from crops like corn, barley, and wheat, to plants like petunias, marigolds, and rhodadendrons, which are usually found in small gardens greenhouses, and even in your backyard.
this is the prepatent period. The worms then reside in the heart, lungs, and associated blood vessels. The worms begin to mate and release microfilaria into the blood stream. When a mosquito bites an infected dog it takes in some of the microfilaria in the blood. After 10 to 30 days there is larvae in the mosquito’s salivary gland which can then be passed on to the next dog the mosquito bites.
Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide (NPIC, 2009). This class of insecticides kills insects by disrupting their brains and nervous systems (Rauner, B. 2016). These chemicals, unfortunately, also have the potential to harm the brains and nervous systems of animals and humans. Specifically, these chemicals stop a key enzyme in the nervous system, cholinesterase, from working. While certain classes are more poisonous than others, over all the effects of Malathion depend on the concentration of exposure, length of time, and way the person is exposed. Malathion is also an ingredient in shampoos, regulated by the USDA to control head lice. While the risks and dangers of Malathion sound daunting, the actual research done shows that these are simply potential harms. In fact, Malathion, when used in moderate doses, typically shows a very low level of toxicity. The possible harm caused from Malathion is generally in extreme cases, with exceptional subjects, and in very high levels of exposure. When it comes down to it, Malathion is a perfectly safe to use
You wouldn’t think the carrier of this disease would come from a little mosquito bite but it does.
...e a much better chance of even avoiding the itch of a mosquito bite. Make sure that you drain standing water around your yard and repair the screens on your windows and doors to keep the bugs from coming in.
...DT has been in use in malaria control programs since the 1940's and has proved generally effective. The most common use of DDT in preventing the spread of malaria is to spray the backs of chairs and walls of a dwelling with the substance to keep out adult mosquitos who enter the dwelling to feed on those who live there. Though DDT treatments are still an effective way to stop the spread of malaria, some mosquitos have become resistant to the compound and therefore more methods of prevention must be utilized.
A question commonly associated with the word insecticides is, what are they? Well I have the answer, insecticides are chemicals that are used to eliminate insects. In the agricultural industry, insecticides are classified into different categories,and the most used is carcinogenic. A carcinogenic insecticide is a substance or agent producing or causing cancer. This is just one of the reason that I believe there are more cons then pros when dealing with a insecticide.. When I was a kid , I can remember my parents taking me and my brother an apple orchard and picking apples. I couldn't wait to eat them until I got home, but we couldn't eat an apple because of what insecticides could be on the apple
The seventh major case of Endangered Specie. Specific species of mosquito play host to one phase of various disease organisms they are the cause of major diseases that lead to human compilation. Most people don’t find it wrong to wipe the entire mosquito species in other to prevent human diseases such as sleeping sick, malaria, and human
A majority of Anopheles mosquito females deliver their bites between the hours of 9pm to 5am as they are nocturnal, which means that they are active at night time. Therefore, most human hosts are infected while they are sleeping. In order to determine the intensity of the transmission several factors have to be accounted for. These factors include things such as the environment, the type of plasmodium parasite, the state of the human host, and the mosquito itself. Rural settings that lack necessary sanitation and water systems have malaria in more abundance. These places mainly use ponds and streams to meet their water necessities. Unfortunately, still bodies of water are ideal grounds for breeding for mosquito larvae. Therefore, malaria transmission is ideal in underdeveloped regions. Two critically important conditions that are vital to the life cycle of both the malaria parasite and the mosquito itself is temperature and the climate. It has been shown that the time it takes for the plasmodium parasite to develop, in the gut of the mosquito, decreases from ten to eight days as the temperature increase from 21oC and 27o
LaJeunesse, S.. Common crop pesticides kill honeybee larvae in the hive. Penn State | News. 27 January 2014.
Use mosquito nets impregnated with insecticides in places where screens for doors and windows are absent.
Dengue is the most common arboviral (arthropod-transmitted) disease and it also position as the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. Approximately 2.5 billion people living in tropical and sub-tropical regions are at a great risk of dengue infection, which is almost equal to about two-fifths of the human population (Gubler & Clark, 1995; WHO, 2009). There is an estimated 50-100 million infections occurring globally in each year, with 500,000 cases requiring hospitalization and causing 24,000 deaths (Halstead, 1988; WHO, 1997). Furthermore, the increasing populations in tropical and sub-tropical regions, making dengue as a global threat to public health (UNEP 2009; Holden, 2009).
Pesticide is a chemical used to prevent, wipe out and control the pest problem in agriculture. The use of pesticides have become a common practice around the world, and used almost everywhere, such as agricultural fields, homes, park and school, and so on. Most pesticides are insecticides, herbicides and fungicides that have distinct purposes. Insecticides are used to control insects; herbicides are used to destroy plants; fungicides are used to prevent molds and mildews. Most commonly pesticides contain highly toxic chemical such as Acid copper chromate (ACC), Acephate and Chlorpyrifos, and so on. One of example of insecticides, Chlorpyrifos, sprays widely on a variety of food and golf courses in order to control pests in a cornfield. However, “Chlorpyrifos can cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; that is, it can over stimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures (e.g., accidents or major spills), respiratory paralysis and death.” (EPA GOV) In the market has thousands of products are similar as Chlorpyrifos.