Poetry Reviews

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1. “Ballad of Birmingham” evokes emotion by the use of conflict, irony, and imagery throughout the poem. In the dialogue between the mother and daughter we see a child who wants her voice to be heard, and a mother who refuses her child’s request by insisting that she go to church: a place that the mother deems to be safe and free from the hatred that will come from the impending confrontation. Randall’s choice to use the ballad form along with his strong words help us to feel the mother’s fear for her child and we assume the mother knew, from stories of previous marches, that dogs, clubs, and fire hoses will be used on the peaceful protestors. At the same time, ironically, the mother is detached from what is going on around her and one must wonder if she believes that the horrors will go away if she pretends it does not exist. The poem’s emotional and dramatic intensity is the fact that what begins as a normal conversation—a private moment between a mother and child, turns into a horror story at the end as the mother realizes that her fears have come to fruition, in what she considers the safest of places. 2. Lyric poetry has always expressed both personal and emotional feelings. In the poem “Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers” we find a woman who is caught in the customs and culture of her time, an abused wife who knows that there is no way out of her situation. Rich uses the symbolism of the colorful tigers in the tapestry as the antithesis of who Aunt Jennifer is: they are strong, confident, and self assured; things she might dream of but will never be. In the second stanza we see Aunt Jennifer struggling to pull an ivory needle through the fabric as she works on the tapestry. The pull of the needle symbolizes the oppression Aunt Jennifer feels in her daily life as she is weighed down by / “The massive weight of Uncle's wedding band / Sits heavily upon Aunt Jennifer's hand.” Even in death, Aunt Jennifer cannot be free of the subjugation she has faced during her life time. However, her unspoken hopes and dreams will live on in the tapestry she has created / “The tigers in the panel that she made / Will go on prancing, proud and unafraid.

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