Missing Figures/Equations
History
The type of physics that I will be presenting is a branch of Fluid Mechanics. Fluid mechanics studies the physics of gases and liquids.
Hydraulics is defined as:
"a branch of science that deals with practical applications of liquid in motion."
Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, via www.dictionary.com
The science started over thousands of years ago with Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) and Archimedes (287-212 B.C.).
Many European scientists also contributed to hydraulics, including da Vinci, Mariotte and Boyle.
The scientist who discovered the main principle I will be talking about is Pascal.
A French scientist who studied math and physics. His work included studying atmospheric pressure, conic sections and the principles of hydrostatics.
After Pascal there is Bernoilli, Franklin and Froud, who all also contributed to the science of hydraulics.
How it works (the physics part)
The basic rule of using hydraulic power is Pascal's Principle.
Pascal's Principle:
pressure exerted on a fluid is distributed equally throughout the fluid.
Hydraulics uses incompresible liquids so the applied pressure from one end (small arrow) is equal to the desired pressure on the other end (big arrow).
The big arrow is pointing toward a piston that is free to move, and is sometimes connected to a rod. When the force is applied, the piston moves up or down.
The equations are:
equations
Of course, as Prof. Newman says, "there is no free lunch," In order to move the larger area, the smaller area has to move a lot in order to move the larger area a little.
The larger area is nine times greater than the smaller area. In order to move the larger piston one inch, the smaller piston has to move nine inches.
The Uses of Hydraulics
Hydraulics are used in many ways. Most of them are used everyday and not even thought about.
Here are some examples of how hydraulics are used. They are all machines (I'm a mechanical engineer!)
Car Brakes
Car brakes work when you push the brake pedal, it pushes the small piston. The piston applies pressure on the brake fluid, which press the brake pads on the large pistons. The brake pads come into contact with the brake drum and slows the car down, eventually stopping the car.
Airplanes
Airplanes and jet planes use hydraulics in many places.
* Adjusting wings
* Putting out/bringing in landing gear
* opening/closing doors
Real Life Hydraulics
Unfortunately applying hydraulics in real life isn't so simple.
There are a few things to consider if you are planning on designing and building hydraulic equipment.
Hydraulic fracturing aka “fracking” is the mechanical process that uses fluids and other macro sized materials to create small fractures in the shale and bed rock under surfaces of the earth. The fractures, usually no more than an inch wide, allow the highly pressurized oil and natural gas to flow freely to the pipe to the pumped back to the surface. The first known commercial use of hydraulic fracking first came about during the 1940s but dates all the way back 1865 during the Civil War. To increase their available water supply, which in some cases meant the difference between life and death, soldiers would drop sticks of lit dynamite down dry wells or those with low water levels. They hoped by doing this that that explosion from the dynamite would deepen or loosen the ground to allow water to permeate to an accessible point.
Pressure valves may be classified into two main categories namely reclosing and non-reclosing. Reclosing devices are the more common of these two groups. They are designed in such a manner that they reclose securely once safe pressure levels have been restored. The second type, the non-reclosing pressure valve, does not reclose nor vent all the fluid built up, for example fusible plugs.
people: Newton, Bacon and Locke, etc. He found those ideas amazing and started to promote sci...
What is Hydraulic Fracturing or as some refer to as Fracking? Hydraulic Fracturing or Fracking is a method of mining. The process of drilling and injecting fluid into the ground at high pressure in order to crack shale rocks and release trapped natural gas from the ground. Fracking was first used in 1947, at the Hugoton field in southwestern Kansas. Stanolind Oil (AMOCO) was the company that conducted the experimental fracking method. Floyd Farris, who works for AMOCO, is the person who preformed studies of the pressure of injecting water and certain chemicals into oil and gas wells; the process of fracking was introduced. Fracking can produce a lot of energy, but it also has the potential to harm the environment. One question that is asked is “Will Fracking affect our water that we drink and change our lifestyle?” America could become independent on energy if there is more fracking. Independence on gas and oil would help all of our country.
Jean Sylvain Bailly was famous for his advances in the sciences. Some of his accomplishments include the computation of an orbit for Halley's Comet and also studied the four satellites of Jupiter that were known at the time according to www.britannica.com. He was elected to the Academy of Science in 1763. In 1784,
...hat have many contibutions to different parts of science such as fluid mechanics. While some of them have worked on theorems or theories about the functioning of anything about the life, some parts of scientists have tried to work on making inventions. Some of them are well-known scientists and many people know a lot of information about them. However, there are many other scientists that have stayed in the background. One of them is Henri De Pitot. It is necessary to thank to whole scientific family.
Our machine showed physics in many ways. It used Newtons laws, collisions, and more aspects of physics. Our project showed ten different aspects in detail. This is our machine.
There is no argument that one of the greatest mathematicians of all time came out of Switzerland in the Eighteenth Century, by the name of Leonhard Euler (1707-1783). Switzerland was the birthplace to many pioneers in mathematics during this time, but Leonhard Euler is widely thought of as the most significant of them all. Euler’s many publications had a decisive influence on the development of mathematics, such an influence that it is still being felt to this day. He worked in basically all areas of math, such as number theory, algebra, geometry, calculus and probability. Euler also did a lot of work in physics including continuum physics and lunar theory. Euler was a true renaissance man, who studied and made discoveries in a vast number of subjects, and his theories are still being taught and studied. There is no denying that Leonhard Euler is one of the founding fathers of mathematics and modern science.
In industry, the performance specifications for a particular pump may be known, but the tests are usually based on water as the pumping medium. For liquids of significantly higher viscosity than water, these performance curves may only be accurate at certain flow rates, or they might not be valid at all, and it might be necessary to recalibrate the specifications for higher viscosity liquids.
The schematic diagram of an electro-hydraulic servo valve is illustrated in Fig. 1. This electro-hydraulic servo valve consists of two stages, first stage is double nozzle–flapper valve which consists of a toque motor, a flapper, two nozzles, and a feedback spring, and the second stage is a precision ground 4 way spools.
The term single acting is used when the fluid pressure is applied to just one side of the piston. The piston can move in only one direction, a spring being frequently used to give the piston a return stroke. The term double acting is used when pressure is applied on each side of the piston; any difference in pressure between the two side of the piston moves the piston to one side or the other.
Some examples of mechanical engineering is bridges, dams, buildings, solar energy, and many more. So basically mechanical engineering
For a constant pressure, by reducing the area of the piston, the force is reduced. By increasing the area the force is increased.
A hydraulic jack is a device used to lift heavy loads. The device itself is light, compact and evice used to lift heavy loads. The device itself is light, compact and portable, but is capable of exerting great forceitself is light, compact and portable, but is capable of exerting great force. portable, but is capable of itself is light, compact and portable, but is capable of exerting great force. portable, but is capable of exerting grut is capable of exerting great force., but is capable of exerting great force. portable, but is capable of exerting grut is capable of exe grut is capable of exerting great force., but is capable of exerting great force. portable, but is capable of exerting grut is itself is light, compact and portable, but is capable of exerting great force. portable, but is capable of exerting grut is capable of exerting great force., but is capable of exerting great force. portable, but is capable of exerting grut is capable of
Born in the Netherlands, Daniel Bernoulli was one of the most well-known Bernoulli mathematicians. He contributed plenty to mathematics and advanced it, ahead of its time. His father, Johann, made him study medicine at first, as there was little money in mathematics, but eventually, Johann gave in and tutored Daniel in mathematics. Johann treated his son’s desire to lea...