What are Black Holes?
A black hole is theorized to be a collection of collapsed matter of whose gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape its force. The matter is is forced in a very, very tiny area and therefore the matter is very dense. Since light cannot escape, they are considered to be truly black. This, obviously, makes it hard to detect an actual black hole, and therefore, have only been theorizd to exist. These theories are slowly turning into "conclusive evidence." This evidence includes the particle dust given off from matter entering the black hole, as well as observations of orbits of bodies near the black hole.
Black holes are usually formed after supernova explosions, in which the remnants of this explosion
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Anything that enters this radius will not exit, due to the tremendous amount of gravitational pull.
So, How do we know?
Again, as mentioned earlier, we can't directly observe a black hole. We can, however, make observations to the surroundings around the black hole. It used to be that theorists were the only scientific persons who acknowledged an existence of black holes, however, today, the story is quite different. The popular idea today is that black holes do exist and are common in all the galaxies so far investigated. One reason is Einstein's theory of General Relativity. This theory accounts for the existence of black holes, and if they do not exist, then the General Relativity theories by Einstein would be wrong. Considering all the tests and experiements done to date to try and disprove this theory have all been rejected, this seems unlikely. Also, scientists today look for high concentration of mass in a small area. Calculations and technology allow this to happen. Another factor in proving the existence of black holes is the Hubble Space Telescope. The Hubble Space Telescope has accumulated a large amount of data and information supporting the existence of black
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Now they're going for their daily intergalactic space ride in their seperate Super-Speed Rocket Cruisers when Dick suddenly loses control of his Cruiser and ends up crossing into the Swarzschild radius of a black hole. Jane, with good intuition, knows there is nothing she can do. So, what does she see?
Jane will never actually see Dick reach the "event horizon," or the boundary at which light can enter but never escape. Dick will surely reach the event horizon, but not from Jane's perspective. As Dick becomes closer and closer to the horizon, the light emitted from Dick will take longer and longer to reach Jane. As Dick reaches the horizon, the light will not be able to escape, and therefore never reach Jane. Dick will appear to be "frozen," or standing still to Jane.
Alternative:
Dick loses control of his Rocket Cruiser, but this time ends right on the brink of the horizon. He hasn't crossed the horizon, but is as close as you can get. He returns to Jane to find her much older, and yet hardly any time has passed to Dick. What's going on
Starting with black holes, Khalili describes the creation of one. I found that a black hole is what remains when a massive star dies. Because stars are so massive and made out of gas, there is an intense gravitational field that is always trying to collapse the star. As the star dies, the nuclear fusion reactions stop because the fuel for these reactions gets burned up. At the same time, the star's gravity pulls material inward and compresses the core. As the core compresses, it heats up and eventually creates a supernova explosion in which the material and radiation blasts out into space. What remains is the highly compressed and extremely massive core. The core's gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape. This object is now a black hole and literally cannot be seen because of the absence of light. Because the core's gravity is so strong, the core sinks through the fabric of space-time, creating a hole in space-time. The core becomes the central part of the black hole called the singularity. The opening of the hole is called the event horizon. Khalili describes that there are two different kinds of black holes:
Geologist John Mitchell is credited with first devising the idea of a black hole. He said that if some force could compress the sun down to an small enough size, it would have a gravitational field so strong, that one would need to be going faster than the speed of light to escape it (UTFC). All objects in the universe have what is called a schwarzschild radius. An object’s schwarzschild radius is the radius that an object would have to be compressed into in order to have an escape velocity greater than that of the speed of light, or a black hole. (VSBH). Using the earth as an example, if the entire earth was compressed to the size of a peanut, it would become a black hole (VSBH). Earth would then have a gravitational field so strong that not even light could escape it. However there is no known force that can compress earth down to such a small size.
It is believed that super massive black holes exist in the cores of many large galaxies, including the Milky Way galaxy, which is our galaxy. (Swinburne University 2014). It is believed that a normal black holes were formed because of a supernova explosion of a gigantic star, meaning when huge stars collapse, so the larger the star, the larger the black hole. ( Millis 2014) . So therefore a simple idea of how a super massive black hole might have been formed would be because of a collision of super enormous star or a collision of star clusters (star clouds). (Super massive black holes 2014)
The characteristic scale of gravitational mi- crolensing is the radius of the Einstein ring RE. The Einstein ring occurs when lens and source are aligned and the light from the source is shaped into a ring through the gravitational lensing by the gravitational field of the ”lensing” ob- ject.
This type of supernova begins at the end of the life cycle of a star. The star will need to have a mass greater than the sun’s mass. This extra mass will allow for more fuel and the ability to become a supergiant. Throughout the star’s life it will burn up all of its hydrogen in the core, and once it reaches that point, it will begin to fuse heavier elements such as neon and magnesium. These processes are not good for the aging star, because as it does this it becomes harder and harder to produce even heavier elements. By the time it gets to iron, it becomes impossible to create any heavier elements. Also, because it’s been making heavy elements, the star has become heavier itself, creating a stronger gravity. But, the pressure hasn’t changed, so the heavy star collapses in order to find a new equilibrium. However, as it collapses, the temperature becomes hotter and more elements form. The star becomes hot and dense to a point where even atoms begin separating, creating separate protons and neutrons. This separation causes a decrease in pressure, and the star will collapse even quicker than it had been before. The star eventually becomes so dense that the neutrons touch each other, prohibiting further collapse. Because it is in such an unstable state, the star then expands rapidly, too rapid to stop, and matter begins to shoot into space. During this, there is a blast of energy from the core because of expansion, and it
Karl Schwarzschild is credited with being the brilliant astronomer who developed the concept of black holes. In 1916, using Einstein's general theory of relativity, he began to make calculations about the gravity fields of stars. He concluded that if a huge mass, such as a star, were to be concentrated down to the size of an infintessimal point, the effects of Einstein's relativity would get really fairly extreme. Schwarzschild doubted that a star could get that small, and theorized that if a star did infact shrink upon itself like that, its gravity would remain the same and the planets revolving around it would remain in the same orbits they always had. Since then however, some of Schwarzschild's theories have been disproved, but most of his initial theories hold intact today. The Schwarzschild Radius, the maximum radius a body with a specific mass can have that won't let light escape, is named in his honor, and the equation of which is still in use today: Rs=2MG/(c^2)
Have you ever watched a sci-fi movie and wondered if some of the subjects on futuristic transport occurring in space could be a possibility? For many years scientists have been discovering new phenomenons in space. In 1916, the first black hole was discovered by Karl Schwarzschild, which wasn't proven until the late 1950’s. A wormhole is a hypothetical connection that you can travel through to get from point A to point B almost instantaneously. Have you ever wondered what might lie on the other side of a black hole? Some scientists have been studying the “holes of space” and have found very surprising results: The black hole, the white hole, and the wormhole. In this paper we will explore wormholes and discuss how black holes and white holes relate.
A black hole is created from a sun going into a supernova. It starts in the middle of the sun. Its mass collapses on itself to create a super nova. Once the supernova happens ...
Have you ever wondered what a Black Hole is, or what happens if you go into one??? Well now’s your chance to find out about them.There are many theories to Black Holes and if they are real or not. But Black Holes are real. Karl Schwarzschild is the founder and the theory master to Black Holes.
These black holes that have now been created start to grow. But how do they grow? They start absorbing mass from materials that are close to them. If a material is said to enter a black holes event horizon, a point at which nothing can escape a black hole’s gravity, the object would became absorbed and would be part of the black hole. Most black holes consume large amounts of gas and dust as their primary source of “f...
...detect this radiation was Joseph Weber. He eventually came up with the first bar gravity-wave detector. This was a long aluminum cylinder, 2m by ½m, that should be compressed with an incoming gravity wave. To detect this compression he wired piezoelectric crystals, which respond to pressure by generating an electric current, to the outside surface of the bar. Although it didn't work, other bar detectors were built that used a device called a stroboscopic sensor to filter out random vibrations. This was an ingenious device, but it too proved to be a non-contributor in the advancement of learning more of the galaxy. Just as X-ray astronomy went from simple detectors in the noses of rockets to full fledged X-ray telescopes housed in orbiting satellites, and radio astronomy went from crude dishes to continent spanning arrays, gravity wave detectors may show a completely new spectrum. And, just as X-rays brought a completely new universe into focus, one can hardly imagine what a gravitational view of the universe will reveal. At the very least, we will have definitive proof or denial of black holes, but we may find that black holes are some of the more subtle features of the universe.
Stars explode at the end of their lifetime, sometimes when they explode the stars leave a remnant of gasses and, dust behind. What the gasses come together to form depend on the size of the remnant. If the remnant is less than 1.4 solar masses it will become a white dwarf, a hot dead star that is not bright enough to shine. If the remnant is roughly 1.4 solar masses, it will collapse. “The protons and electrons will be squashed together, and their elementary particles will recombine to form neutrons”. What results from this reaction is called a neut...
There are two ways to prove the existence of dark matter. We know that the universe must have a certain mass in order for its attractive gravitational forces to slow the expansion of the universe which started at the big bang. We can precisely calculate the rate at which the universe is expanding currently, and how fast it has expanded in the past. From this we get the theoretical mass of the universe. This figure falls far short of the visible mass of the universe, which consists of stars, planets, and hot gas. This is how scientists are able to prove that we can only see about 5% of our universe.
Most of the times there are strange things found and assumptions are made about these things, they could be wrong or right but back when a pulsar was found, scientists thought it to be extraordinary calling it substance of great amusement whereas “a pulsar is a s...
Astronomers believe that most galaxies consist of a supermassive black hole at the center, which attracts all constituents of galaxies such as, dust, gases (mainly Hydrogen and Helium), atoms, stars, interstellar clouds and planets to the center by force of gravity, but are not sure whether all galaxies contain a black hole in the center. Galaxies keep moving in relative motion to one another and intermittently can come so close that the force of gravitational attraction between the galaxies may become strong enough to cause a change in the shape of the galaxies, while in exceptional cases, the galaxies may collide. If two galaxies collide, they may pass right through without any effect or may merge, forming strands of stars, extending beyond 100,000 light years in space (World Book Online Reference Centre, 2005). Hence, neighboring and often other colliding galaxies induce the sha...