We've all seen them before, the mysterious chunks of metal under the hoods of our cars. They start when we turn the key and take us where we want to go. But how does an engine work? Internal combustion engines are a very important part of everyday life. We use them in our cars, trucks, airplanes. boats, snowmachines, 4 wheelers, and heavy machinery. These pages will help familiarize you with the basic concepts of how an engine works, an understanding of engine output, and some information on how forced induction or "boost" increases power output.
Engine Basics
A very common variant of the internal combustion engine is the four stroke engine. These engines have four "strokes" for each combustion cycle. These engines are primarily used in automobiles but have recently found their way into motorcycles, boats, and even snow machines.
The four "strokes" of these engines are as follows.
1. Intake: The intake valve (on the left top of the cylinder) opens allowing fresh oxygen rich air mixed with fuel to enter the cylinder.
2. Compression: The piston is pushed upward by the flywheel's momentum compressing the air/fuel mix.
3. Combustion: As the piston reaches the top of its stroke or TDC the spark plug fires igniting the mixture. Due to the high compression of this mixture (typically around 190 PSI in a typical engine) it is very volatile and it explodes when the spark is introduced. This pusehs the piston downward and produces power.
4. Exhaust: After the Air/Fuel mix has been burnt the remaining chemicals in the cylinder (water and CO2 for the most part) must be removed so that fresh air can be brought in. As the piston goes back up after combustion the exhaust valve (right top of cylinder) opens allow...
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... 9:1 and 9.5:1) will not burn completely resulting in excess carbon buildup (this is why you SHOULD NOT use anything higher than 87 octane in a regular engine). However, in a high compression engine as are seen in high end sedans and coupes these fuels will prevent detonation and yield better power and reliability. The octane rating is the only difference between fuel grades at the gas pump so don't be fooled into thinking that "premium" gas is any cleaner or that it will make your car run any better, it will only burn differently.
Conclusion
With adequate fuel supply and boost in some form (Nitrous, Supercharger, or Turbo) it is possible to greatly increase output without having to increase the RPM range or displacement of an engine. Power levels as high as 300-400 HP can be extracted from 1.8-2.2L engines with properly designed and managed boost setups.
This senior research project is describing how 7.3 litre injectors and how they are put together, how they operate. This project will teach you all about 7.3 litre injectors, test them, and know how they work. There are many parts to an injector, internal and external. All the parts have a very specific job of what they do and how they do it. All the parts work together and with some oil pressure your injector fires.
My focus on this project is how one of these engines is “rebuilt”, and how can they be changed (from stock) to create more power or be more efficient, through what is called “porting”. I chose this topic because when I was introduced to the rotary engine last year when I bought my second car, I immediately fell in love with the idea. My cars engine was “blown”
...the shock waves created by a shift, which acts as a brake, slowing the turbo and requiring it to be spooled up again. We lose boost pressure but keep our turbo speed this way.
The first type of forced induction system is the turbocharger. A turbocharger is essentially the same as a supercharger, except where they get their power from. A turbocharger is powered by exhaust gasses that have been produced by the engine and are forcing their way through the turbofold, or the exhaust manifold that the turbo is housed in. The exhaust gas pushes its way through the turbocharger and hit the turbine wheel. Vehicles that usually find the need for a turbocharger from the factory are four or six cylinder engines. Standard in most European vehicles such as Mercedes, Audi, Volkswagen and Volvo. These cars are known for their small displacement motors, and great gas efficiency, due to this setup...
Gasoline engines have four strokes and six processes in each cycle. During the intake stroke, air and fuel are drawn into the cylinder; the volume and potential energy increase. Next, the compression stroke adiabatically compresses the gases; the volume decreases and the temperature increases. The spark does not occur during a stroke but when the piston is fully raised, this causes the gases to ignite keeping relatively the same volume. In the power stroke, the gas adiabatically expands; the temperature decreases and the volume increases. Finally, the exhaust valve is opened so in the exhaust stroke when the piston moves up the gasses are released causing the volume to decrease.
4.Exhaust: After the Air/Fuel mix has been burnt the remaining chemicals in the cylinder (water and CO2 for the most part) must be removed so that fresh air can be brought in. As the piston goes back up after combustion the exhaust valve opens allowing the exhaust gasses to be released.
In Internal Combustion Engine Crankshaft play an important role to convert the reciprocating motion of piston in to rotational motion with the help of four link mechanism. Crankshaft is must be strong enough to take the downward force of the power stroked without excessive bending so mostly the life and reliability of engine is depend on the strength of crankshaft. In Internal Combustion engines, the transient load of maximum cylinder gas pressure is transmitted to crankshaft through the connecting rod, However Crankshaft convert reciprocating motion of the piston along with connecting rod to the
We will start with the fuel tank. A fuel tank comes in many different sizes depending on how much space is available. Most cars and trucks have only one tank but some trucks have two. Fuel tanks can be made of 3 different things. These are pressed corrosion-resistant steel, aluminum, or molded reinforced polyethylene plastic. The fuel tank has internal baffles or surge plates to prevent the fuel from sloshing back and forth. If you hear splashing in the tank on acceleration or deceleration, this means that the baffles could be broken. All tanks have a fuel filler pipe, a fuel outlet line to the engine and a vent system. All catalytic converter cars are equipped with a filler pipe restrictor so that leaded fuel, which is dispensed from a thicker nozzle, cannot be introduced into the fuel system. All modern fuel tanks include devices that prevent vapors from leaving the tank. All fuel tank designs provide some control of fuel height when the tank is filled. This is achieved by using vent lings within the filler tube or tank. With this design only 90% of the tank is ever full, leaving 10% for expansion. Some vehicles have a over filling limiting valve to prevent overfilling of the tank.
From four stroke engines to gas turbine engines, the Otto Company to Rolls Royce, engines and propulsion systems have changed the world we live in for almost one hundred and fifty years. With each passing year, something new arrives; something more complex yet more advanced in the terms of propulsion systems. Even though these systems may seem to¬¬¬ change every year and may seem more complex, the principle behind the structure has remained virtually, the same since the first internal combustion engine, created by Nicolaus August Otto in the late 1800s. The principle has remained the same so much so, that the four stroke system we know today is often referred to as the “Otto cycle”. Through time, there have been slight variations in manufacturing of the four stroke system but they all operate off similar principles to that of the Otto Cycle. The four stroke engine has become so diverse that it can be seen in a number of different vehicle types such as cars, trucks, trains, marine vessels and of course aircraft; each with their own slight differences to help them perform within their required environment. This can be seen with aircraft that use jet turbines instead of piston engines for the plain and simple fact of it being the environment they operate in. This may refer to the heights some aircraft fly at as well as the speeds they may cruise at to identify what would be the most appropriate propulsion mechanism to use for the given scenario.
Engine is very important for every machine and every Engineer. Engine is very complicated machine. People need to use some energy. Actually people need to convert energy in engine for motion. We usually use fuel for energy. Engine is burn fuel and ıt creates heat and motion. It creates heat because ıt creates friction so friction always obstructs motion in engine. In the word, many kinds of engine are produced by people. Some of these are reciprocating-engine are electric motor. Generally, we use reciprocating-engine. For example: Cars, trains, aircraft. We have two kind of reciprocating-engine. First is internal combustion engines, second is external combustion engines. I will explain this engine types in other page. If you want to go anywhere quickly, we use any of these vehicles because time is very important for people. Formerly, people don’t have engine so firstly, I explain the story of engine
Firstly, the gas turbine engine operation begins with the air intake process. As of all internal combustion engine, oxygen is required to support the combustion of the fuel and the source of oxygen is from the fresh air that is taken in. Initially, the fan is rotated by a driving shaft that is powered by the turbine of the engine. A negative or vacuum pressure at the intake side is then created by the rotating fan. Next, the surrounding air is drawn towards the inlet and causes it to flow into the gas turbine engine inlet (Cengel & Boles, 2011). At the same time, the pressure on the other side of the fan is increased as it is compressed at a lower pressure ratio and causes the air in the outlet side of the fan to move fu...
This along with the lighter construction of a two-stroke makes it the preferred motor used in small vehicles and tools (Two Stroke Engine). A two-stroke engine is operated by first drawing the mixture of fuel and air into the chamber by the vacuum caused by the upward stroke of the piston. During the downward piston stroke, the poppet valve is forced closed due to the increased pressure within the chamber. The mixture is compressed in the chamber throughout the stroke. As the stroke ends, the intake port is exposed allowing the mixture to escape into the main cylinder, expelling the exhaust gasses in the process and some of the fuel mixture as well. Momentum then causes the piston to rise, compressing the mixture as another stroke is beginning. Once the stroke reaches its peak, the spark plug will ignite the mixture causing the fuel to expand driving the piston down thus completing the cycle while additionally initiating a new
The general petrol, more commonly known as gasoline, is the most readily available source of power for one's car today. This is because gasoline is generally cheap and readily available. Gasoline is defined by Poltcor as a "petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting mostly of aliphatic hydrocarbons and enhanced with aromatic hydrocarbons toluene, benzene or iso-octane to increase octane ratings, primarily used as fuel in internal combustion engines" (Poltcor 3). Most automobiles rely on this type of gasoline today. At gas stations, the general grades available are 87, 89, and 93. Each of the numbers represents the quality of the gasoline, 87 being the lowest, usually named Regular and 93 being the highest, usually named Supreme. Generally, the gas prices in the U.S. are cheaper than overseas. However, the gas price has been rising over past few years because of some issues with the Middle East. Even with this problem in the Middle East increasing the gas price regularly, the U.S. maintains its ranking as one of the cheapest places to get petrol, or gasoline. Although gasoline is cheap, it is demanded of every person to have an automobile and since automobiles rely on gasoline, the gasoline distributors have the advantage that the public is willing to pay high prices for gasoline, if it's the cheapest around.
A steam engine is an external combustion that converts heat energy, in the form of steam, into mechanical energy. Steam is generated through combustion of a fuel, i.e. Coal, heating a boiler filled with water, which evaporates to produce steam that expands do drive a piston connected to a flywheel in a rotary motion. The flywheel then transmits energy created to a crankshaft which is used to provide power to machines, such as locomotives, fluid pumps, and machine tools. Waste steam is then expelled from the engine through an exhaust, or can be condensed and repurposed in some steam engine designs (Croft and Tangerman, 1939).
Synchronous engines are utilized as a part of vast modern applications in circumstances where their capacity to give driving force consider underpins or balance out voltage and to enhance general power factor.