The preeminent storage form of phosphorus in standard poultry and swine diets is phytic acid. This phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate), also designated as phytate phosphate, is estimated to comprise about 70% of the total phosphorus found in cereal grains, oilseeds, legumes, corns and soya beans which are the prime elements in the feeds of poultry and swine (Reddy et al., 1982; Al-Asheh & Duvnjak, 1995; Lan et al., 2002a). It has been reported previously that the total phosphorus within the animal feed is ideal for the growth of poultry provided that this phosphorus is able to be utilized in vivo (Lan et al., 2002a). However, due to inadequate gastrointestinal enzyme, most monogastric animals (such as pigs, poultry, fish, etc) are unable to hydrolyze the phytic acid and therefore incapable of liberating free phosphorus for absorptions (Common, 1989).
The ineptitude of the monogastric animals to fully hydrolyze the phytic acid resulted in several problems. For instances, supplementation of inorganic phosphate, which is expensive, is needed to compensate with the inability of the monogastric animals to utilize phytic acid. The supplementation of inorganic phosphate in the animal feeds is crucial to meet the animals’ dietary requirements. Furthermore, the unutilized phytate-phosphorus causes the concentration of phosphorus in the animals’ excreta increases and this will indirectly contributes to serious phosphorus pollution complication (Pen et al., 1993; Volfova et al., 1994). Cyanobacterial blooms, hypoxia and death of marine animals have been reported to occur as a consequence of the eutrophication of the rivers by this excessive phosphorus (Mallin, 2000; Naqvi et al., 2000). In fact, phytic acid has been well-known for ...
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...osphorus and other essential trace elements in non-ruminants feed (Lan et al., 2011). Nevertheless, the Mitsuokella jalaludinii is an anaerobic bacterium and therefore need rigid growth conditions for it to be mass produced. One of the possible solutions for this problem is to clone and express the phytase genes into other microorganisms which are aerobe or facultative anaerobe in nature without compromising its existing phytase activity. The whole genome of Mitsuokella jalaludinii has been sequenced and the genes responsible for the expression of phytase, Phy1 and Phy2, were identified through the gene annotation of the genome and are in close proximity to each other. As such, the need for cloning and further expression of the Mitsuokella jalaludinii phytase is essential to identify the potential of this enzyme to be largely produce for commercialization purposes.
...urkholder, J., Libra, B., Weyer, P., Heathcote, S., Kolpin, D., Thorne, P., et al. (2007). Impacts of waste from concentrated animal feeding operations on water quality. Environmental Health Perspectives, 11(2), 308–312. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1817674/pdf/ehp0115-000308.pdf
Kellems, Richard O., and D. C. Church. Livestock Feeds and Feeding. 6th ed. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print.
These reseachers extracted the Escherichia coli gene that produces phytase in E. Coli bacteria and attached this gene to a Mus musculus—house mouse—gene called a parotid secretory protein promoter. This mouse gene is a protein associated with secreting digestive enzymes from the salivary glands of mice, and can be used in pigs in the same fashion; by linking these two genes together and inserting it into the genome of a pig, the scientists hypothesized that a transgenic pig should have the ability to secrete the E. Coli phytase enzyme in their saliva to break down phytate into accessible phosphorous. These researchers tested their hypothesis by producing 33 transgenic piglets, 14 of which were capable of producing significant amounts of phytase in their salivary glands. These piglets were then crossed to make subsequent generations for transgenic pigs, which had an even higher capability to produce salivary phytase. These pigs were then tested on their ability to utilize phytase by testing the concentration of phosphorus in their feces. Transgenic pigs in
Eutrophication of bodies of water is a naturally occurring phenomenon. However, the process has been aggravated by the human population. Such man-made eutrophication is caused by excessive discharge of nutrien...
Phosphorus is an important part of the human bones, it is good for the brain, kidney, heart, and blood. Majority of your body contains 85% of phosphorus in your body. Phosphorus is found in protein- rich food like meats, poultry, fish, nuts, beans and dairy products. Phosphorus is a Greek word for light bearing. On the periodic table phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol (P) and is also a nonmetal. Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand, who was a German physician and alchemist. Hennig Brand thought that he could turn phosphorus in urine into gold, but everytime he tried he ended up getting a white, waxy substance that glowed in the dark. When Hennig Brand didn’t succeed phosphorus became an element used in deadly explosives.
This paper shows that acid rain is a reality. It is destroying our freshwater ecosystems and must be stopped in order to save them. If the problem is not fixed soon the aquatic ecosystems will be destroyed.
The unprecedented and environmentally friendly Enviropigs from the University of Guelph is beneficial to society due to its modified genes that allow them to produce 30 to 65 percent less phosphorus in their manure, thus reducing the amount of major pollution in the ocean. In addition, Enviropigs better improve the lives of farmers who cannot afford to purchase pig feed with pure phosphorus and also increase the field of consuming transgenic food. The Enviropig, a transgenic Yorkshire pig, was initiated by Dr. Cecil Forsberg, a professor at the University of Guelph, who believed that Enviropigs could improve food production. “When transgenic food animals are accepted by consumers, the Enviropig perhaps would be one of the first innovations to be introduced into swine production,” said Dr Forsberg. “We have demonstrated that the gene can be transferred by breeding through many generations in a stable fashion. Furthermore, the pigs are healthy.” These Enviropigs have altered salivary glands which permits them to consume the phosphorus in feed stuff and reduce the amount of phosphorus they exhaust to prevent destroying the algae in oceans, consequently creating ‘dead zones’.
Vanni, M. J. 2002. Nutrient cycling by animals in freshwater ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, pp. 341--370.
... incredibly relevant to today world. Brine shrimps are also used as test subjects due to their incredible resilience, and are also sold as a novelty item “sea monkeys.” Unfortunately, these unique critters have become threatened in some cases as water is diverted away (for human use) from high saline environments inhabited by brine shrimp. As a result, the water becomes more saline and usually results in a rising pH which can endanger the shrimps. The information provided in these two studies shows the need, function, means, and genetic explanation for osmoregulation. As humans continue to impact the environment, changing salinity will result in changing need for osmoregulation, and as a result, future scientists will need to explore how organisms can react to the need to osmoregulate more or less and how that will impact organism populations’ survival as a whole.
Weight of ppt (-); Without digestion, some of the phosphorus would not have time to precipitate yet
Eutrophication is the reaction resulting from the addition of harmful substances to aquatic ecosystems. Eutrophication causes decreased biodiversity, changes in species composition and dominance dissolved oxygen depletion and problems in water treatments. Eutrophication is currently happening to many of the Canadian Lakes including Lake Winnipeg. Since 1969, it has been observed that Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) has been the reason for the 90% hike in the algal blooms.Cyanobacteria causes a smelly odour and releases toxins that are detrimental to humans and some other organisms. When the lake is enriched with phosphorus, cyanobacteria thrive due to nitrogen-fixing. Due to the unfair advantage cyanobacteria has over other non-nitrogen-fixing species and its cause in oxygen depletion, other species die off causing decrease in biodiversity. It has been proven through the recoveries of lakes in many countries, including Canada, that reducing phosphorous is the most inexpensive and efficient way to solving the Cyanobacterial blooms. Synthetic fertilizer applications and manure from ca...
J. Manjunathan et.al (2010)[1] have used different strains of Pseudomonads which was isolated from the sago waste. In their research they have taken eighteen samples, which was producing vitamin B12 among them three sample synthesized higher yield of Vitamin B12 about 0 .748(180m l/ml), 0.682(164ml/ml) and 0.663(162ml/ml). In this experiment Propionibacterium freudenreichii was used as a control strain which yielded 4.63mg/ml of vitamin B12. As a result of this research they come to know that 62.5% of phosphate solubilizing bacteria which was isolated from rhizosphere soil was able to produce vitamin B12.
If there is not enough oxygen in the water, it may lead to the death of many organisms, reduction in their growth or even failure to survive. The pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline the water. It is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration. According to Fondriest Environmental Inc, a well-known Fundamental Environmental organization, the pH scale goes from 0 to 14. As the scale of pH decreases, water becomes more acidic. Many chemical reactions inside aquatic organisms are necessary for survival and growth of organisms. At the extreme ends of the pH scale, (2 or 13) physical damage to gills, exoskeleton, fins, occurs. Changes in pH may alter the concentrations of other substances in water to a more toxic form. Examples: a decrease in pH (below 6) may increase the amount of mercury soluble in water. An increase in pH (above 8.5) enhances the conversion of nontoxic ammonia (ammonium ion) to a toxic form of ammonia (un-ionized ammonia). (Fondriest,
Water Pollution is one of the major concerns that are currently increasing, not only in the Philippines, but also across the world. Industrialization, Urbanization and Damming of rivers are one of the reasons behind the contamination of water (Villahermosa, R.A., 2012). These ill activities of humans can greatly affect the water especially its chemical and biological composition which can easily be observed with its cloudiness or its turbidity. It can also cause the pH of the water to increase resulting into acids and alkaline or neutral color that are found in the water. (Moloi, 2013). Damming of rivers on the other hand has a high impact on water quality. If a plant will be isolated into the water for a long time, this may cause the inclination