This mini case refers to a 32-year-old female patient who has an abnormal Pap smear with a grade CIN 2, High-grade SIL by Bethesda System criteria. Educating this patient regarding Pap smear testing would be an initial step. The Papanicolaous test or a “Pap smear” is a screening tool used to detect the presence of abnormal or cancerous cells in the cervical canal. CIN II classified as moderated dysplasia, which warrants that she may be likely to develop cancerous cells. These cells are usually pre-cancerous and are more likely to lead to cervical cancer. Dysplasia means disordered growth or development of the cells, or may grow irregularly. Although initially a reversible cell change, untreated dysplasia can develop into carcinoma (Grossman, 2013).
A high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion on Pap smear does not indicate cancer. It usually indicates what is called moderate or severe dysplasia. However, since the Pap smear is a screening test, the actual changes in the cervix can be worse and actually be an invasive cervical cancer. This would be very uncommon and the chance of a Pap smear showing HGSIL and of there being an invasive cancer of the cervix already present would be less than 1%. In fact, only about 1.5% of women with an HGSIL Pap smear will progress to having invasive cancer of the cervix within the next 24 months. The doctor will probably perform a colposcopy to determine how at risk the patient is for cancer (familydoctor.org). Virus called human papilloma [pap-ah-LO-mah] virus or HPV often causes changes in the cervix. HPV can lead to cervical cancer (mayoclinic, 2012).
In general, doctors recommend beginning Pap smear tests at the age of 21 and then every two or three years. After age 30, Pap smears ar...
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... by various laboratory tests. Oral contraceptives (OCP) are first-line treatment for hirsutism, particularly in those women desiring contraception. Estrogen/progesterone combinations act by- reducing gonadotropin secretion and thereby reducing ovarian androgen production (ncbi.nlm.nih, 2010).
Works Cited
Grossman, S. (2013). Porth's Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States [VitalSouce bookshelf version]. Retrieved from http://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/books/9781469871639/id/F54-2
http://www.wdxcyber.com/npapvg14.htm
Indian J Dermatol. 2010 Jan-Mar; 55(1): 3–7. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.60342 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1069067/ http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/news/20071211/obesity-linked-to-infertility-in-women
Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jan-Feb; 17(1): 138–145. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.107858
As good writers do, Kevin has exquisitely used language to favor his side. His wide arsenal includes weapons such as non-sequiturs, vague comparisons, jargons, emotive terms, connoted meanings and multiple others. The author knew that his target audience would not be specialized in bioengineering and its application in the medicine industry. He exploited this vulnerability of theirs by using scientific terms like “formulaic”, “clinically”, “suicidal ideation” and “cardiac hypertrophy” throughout the essay. This usage of jargon (Carroll, 2012) accompanied by him acting as an expert persuades the reader to believe in his writing.
Porth, C. (2005). Pathophysiology: concepts of altered health states (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Cervical cancer tissues and normal cervical tissues were collected from 24 newly diagnosed patients with primary cervical cancer, in order to perform the experiments outlined in the paper. Experiments were also performed on the following human cervical carcinoma cell lines: HeLa, SiHa, C33A, and CaSki, which were purchased from a company. The researchers extracted the genomic DNA from the samples collected. The DNA was then bisulfite modified and amplified using PCR. The PCR product was then examined through gel electrophoresis to insure a single band was obtained, and then sequenced by Invitrogen. Methylation-specific PCR was then carried out of the bisulfate-treated DNA. This was done to check the consistency of the ...
Huether, S.E. & McCance, K.L. (2008). Understanding pathophysiology (4th ed.). St. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier
Is it time to bring OCs over the counter?. (2010). Contraceptive Technology Update, 31(7), 77-
Polycystic Ovaries Syndrome can cause a number of symptoms. Its can cause everything from obesity to missed periods. It also causes women to have more of the male hormone in their bodies, which cause male hair growth. Not all of PCOS patients have excessive hair growth some may have other skin conditions, like acne. PCOS is the one of the most notorious cause if missed menstrual cycles and “infertility due to the lack of ovulation”. (Thatcher, 12)
The Information gathered in 2012 from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention studies concluded that cervical cancer, “... used to be the leading cause of cancer death for women in the United States” (“Cervical Cancer Statistics”). But these statistics have gone down significantly in the past forty years because Planned Parenthood facilities provide to women pap smears to detect cell changes before the cancer develops. On the other hand, Planned Parenthood does not directly provide mammograms for women, their doctors and nurses “... teach patients about breast care, [and] connect patients to resources to help them get mammograms” ("Breast Cancer Screenings"). The important health care work done by the Planned Parenthood Clinics is, at times, over sought and even forgotten when the organization is embroiled in controversy as it finds itself in
Page-Reeves, J., Niforatos, J., Mishra, S., Regino, L., Gingrich, A., & Bulten, J. (2011). Health
Prevention isn’t the only reason for birth control techniques. Health is another major reason for the growing popularity of the birth control contraceptives. COCs or combined oral contraceptives help regulate a women’s menstrual cycle by suppressing ovulation. (Cornforth) The contraceptives also can reduce the severity of cra...
There are four stages to diagnosing ovarian cancer, determined by how far the cancer has spread in the body. Each stage is characterized by an A, B, or C letter, depending on the degree in which the symptoms present themselves. The differences in each stage are as follows; stage 1 is when the cancer is either found in one ovary or both, stage 2 the tumor is found in one or both ovaries and extends to other pelvic structures, stage 3 the cancer has spread beyond the pelvis to the lining of the abdomen or to the lymph nodes and finally in stage 4 the cancer has spread to other organs in the body including the liver or lungs (Ovarian Cancer National Alliance). Cancer is “staged” by taking a sample of the infected tissue surgically and sending it to a lab for examination. Staging is crucial in order for medical professionals to determine which course of treatment would be the most effective for the given patient. If misdiagnosed, an entire area affected by this disease could potentially be missed and left untreated.
Retrieved August 20, 2010 from http://www.kff.org/healthreform/7920.cfm
Porth, C. (2009). Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
The notion of health is contextual and an interactive, dynamic process between person and environment (Schim et al, 2007). Both wellness and illness are conceptualized by the ‘person’, existing on a continuum across the lifespan (Arnold & Boggs, 2001).
Gould, B. & Dyer, R. (2014). Pathophysiology for the Health Professions (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier.
Uhland, Vicky. “The Picture of Health.” Momentum 6.3 (2013): 42-45. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.