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UNDERSTANDING THE OSI MODEL AND THE RELATIONSHIP WITH TCP/IP The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference tool for understanding data communications between any two networked systems. It divides the communications processes into seven layers. Each layer both performs specific functions to support the layers above it and offers services to the layers below it. The three lowest layers focus on passing traffic through the network to an end system. The top four layers come into play in the end system to complete the process. This presentation will provide you with an understanding of each of the seven layers, including their functions and their relationships to each other. This will provide you with an overview of the network process, which can then act as a framework for understanding the details of computer networking. Also this paper will explain how the 802 specifications expanded the OSI reference model by dividing the data link layer into two layers. Finally, this paper will draw comparisons between the theoretical OSI model and the functional TCP/IP model. Although TCP/IP has been used for network communications before the adoption of the OSI model, it supports the same functions and features in a differently layered arrangement. The history of the development of the OSI model is, for some reason, a little-known story. Much of the work on the design of OSI was actually done by a group at Honeywell Information Systems, headed by Mike Canepa, with Charlie Bachman as the principal technical member. This group was chartered, within Honeywell, with advanced product planning and with the design and development of prototype systems. In the early and middle '70s, the interest of Canepa's group was pr... ... middle of paper ... ...mputer systems communicate with one another in the world wide web or in a corporate setting. Personally, I have found that the OSI model relates to just about everything that I have done as an IT consultant. During computer migrations and configuring desktops to be networked on the corporate land, enables the workstations to communicate via the OSI model and the TCP/IP model. Having to map network drives enables users to have extra disk space other than just their hard drive to store data. When a user retrieves data from a network drive, the total process is through the seven layers of the OSI model. Configuring email accounts enables users to communicate via email transactions, a process that uses the OSI model and the TCP/IP model. References 1. Network Plus Guide to Networks (2002) 2. Ethernet Tutorial (2001) 3. Microsoft's guide to the OSI model (2004)
From figure 1 it can be seen that there are links between all three layers of the model and that the environment can interact with any one of these layers.
The OSI model is a model of how a network actually works. The OSI model has seven different layers and is of course, theoretical. Meaning, this model may not be true in every instance, perhaps it can work without a counter part or perhaps not. The layers of the OSI are comprised of these layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application (InetDaemon, 2015).
A network can be based on either a peer-to-peer level or server-based, also referred to as domain-based. To distinguish the difference, a peer-to-peer network, also known as a workgroup, is a network in which a group of computers are connected together to share resources, such as files, applications, or peripherals. The computers in a peer-to-peer network are peers to one another, meaning no single computer has control over one another. There is also no central location for users to access resources, which means that each individual computer must share their files in order for other computers to have access (Muller, 2003, p.411). “In a peer-to-peer environment, access rights are governed by setting sharing permissions on individual machines.” (Cope, 2002) On the other hand, in a domain-based network, the computers connected together are either servers or clients. All of the other computers connected to the network are called client computers. The server is a dedicated machine that acts as a central location for users to share and access resources. The server controls the level of authority each user has to the shared resources. When logging on to the network, users on client machines are authenticated by the server, based on a user name and password (Lowe, 2004, p.13).
The bottom layer would follow the guideline so they can achieve the company objectives. The group structure is Chairman Board of Directors Group of Executives Board of Management Group of General Management The main departments within the group are: Administration Division Business Division Customer Support Division Network Development Division Production Services Division R&D Department Finance Department Human Resources Each division has managers for supervision. The staff in each division needs to follow the managersÂ’ decision. Every member of staff clearly understands their role and responsibility under the hierarchical structure. It is because each layer gets different responsibilities.
Networks are designed in a number of ways, based on the geographical area, the technology used, user group specific, application based etc. But we can roughly categorize the communication networks in 2 broad categories, based on transmission: Connection-Oriented and Connectionless.
Mobility - You are no longer tied to your desk, as you were with a wired connection. You and your employees can go online in conference room meetings, for example.
The main focus was placed on the general data network. It can be noted that all the switches are connected to each other forming a flat network. There are a total of five switches, each switch placed in a separate location on the building.
Local Area Networks also called LANs have been a major player in industrialization of computers. In the past 20 or so years the worlds industry has be invaded with new computer technology. It has made such an impact on the way we do business that it has become essential with an ever-growing need for improvement. LANs give an employer the ability to share information between computers with a simple relatively inexpensive system of network cards and software. It also lets the user or users share hardware such as Printers and scanners. The speed of access between the computers is lighting fast because the data has a short distance to cover. In most cases a LAN only occupies one or a group of buildings located next to each other. For larger area need there are several other types of networks such as the Internet.
The Internet consists of a three level hierarchy composed of backbone networks (e.g. ARPAnet, NSFNet, MILNET), mid-level networks, and stub networks. These include commercial (.com or .co), university (.ac or .edu) and other research networks (.org, .net) and military (.mil) networks and span many different physical networks around the world with various protocols, chiefly the Internet Protocol.
The type of network you can create is often determined by the network operating system you use. Like a regular operating system for your PC, a network operating system coordinates how all the individual software application on a network work and how the network interacts with the hardware attached to it. Sharing data is made much easier when a network is involved. People are more productive because several people enter data at the same time and can also evaluate and process the shared data.
The architecture of a neural network is the specific arrangement and connections of the neurons that make up the network. One of the most common neural network architectures has three layers. The first layer is called the input layer and is the only layer exposed to external signals. The input layer transmits signals to the neurons in the next layer, which is called a hidden layer. The hidden layer extracts relevant features or patterns from the received signals. Those features or patterns that are considered important are then directed to the output layer, the final layer of the network. Sophisticated neural networks may have several hidden layers, feedback loops, and time-delay elements, which are designed to make the network as efficient as possible in discriminating relevant features or patterns from the input layer.
The first network ARPANET was a network with several computers that performed packet switching that was used to connect to each other by modems (Edwards and Bramante, 2009. p.29). Technological advances, network evolution, and type of communications have changed, but the basic building blocks of a network remain the same. A device to communicate from, a medium of communication, and a device to communicate with. The communication devices are no longer just a big and bulky computer in a University laboratory, they vary from personal computers, smartphones, ATM machines, to supercomputers, and any numerous other devices and new inventions introduced on regular basis. Regardless of the type, these communication devices require a way to enter a network, which are network interface cards, networks hubs, and modems. These are the devices that convert the data into a signal that can be transported over the network from one communication device to another (Edwards and Bramante, 2009). The medium of transmitting the signal can be wired or wireless. A wire communication depends on copper or fiber optic wires and the wireless communications using radio signals. The internet is comprised of numerous networks that control many aspects of everyday life spanning from the energy services to utilities, to telecommunications, transportation, finance, research,
Explain how the two important transport protocols deliver messages on behalf of the application and discuss the differences between them
In this day and age, networks are everywhere. The internet has also revolutionized around world. We tend to take for grantedthat computers should be connected together. When it comes to networking, it's hard to believe that the field is still a relatively young one, especially when it comes to hooking up small computers like PCs. In approaching any discussion of networking, it is very useful to take a step back and look at networking from a high level. What is it, exactly, and why is it now considered? So, it important that it is assumed that most PCs and other devices should be networked. Computer network is the best way to take advantage of more than one computer resources by sharing these resources , such as storage space ,
All the readers are recommended to learn the names of the layers along with their function in detail as it is important from interview perspective. All the operations which are performed by network components or any kind of operation which includes network protocols work on any of these layers. For example, consider a network application based on File Transfer Protocol (FTP), will operate on the first layer of the OSI. It means that this network application will undergo all the operations defined by the layers below application layer. Considering the application, we are talking about, it will hence undergo following procedure when it will be under execution: