Signature is one of behavioral characteristics of human that can be used to identify individual. Widely implemented in everyday life, signature has very high social acceptance cite{jain1}. Signature mostly has been used to verify important documents, such as bank checks. However, in many occasions, human eyes cannot distinguish genuine from forgery signatures, that will become a serious problem in security system. Therefore, the necessity of high accuracy automatic signature verification systems is increasing nowadays.
Signature verification is divided into two classes based on the type of acquisition of signature , on-line and off-line signature verification cite{impedovo1}. On-line signature verification uses digital input device, such as digital tablet and digital pen, to acquire data during signing process in the form of sampled signals. On the other hand, off-line signature verification performs static data acquisition using scanner. In this case, the data is represented as images.
The fluctuation of handwriting, the limited number of training data and the difficulty of extracting stable feature of signatures are some problems that must be faced in signature verification. Many works in on-line signature verification have been done in order to find the accurate method cite{jain1,impedovo1,plamondon1}. Among those proposed methods, a lot of researchers have been used $x$ and $y$ positions of signatures directly. However we consider that it is not effective because genuine and forgery signatures have quite similar shape and they result the difficulty of the verification process. To overcome the problem, new signing features related to $x$ and $y$ positions of signature called forward and backward variances of signature are ...
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...ge flow and pattern types, are prominent enough to align fingerprints directly. Nilsson [26] detected the core point by complex filters applied to the orientation field in multiple resolution scales, and the translation and rotation parameters are simply computed by comparing the coordinates and orientation of the two core points. Jain [27] predefined four types of kernel curves:first is arch, second is left loop ,third is right loop and fourth is whorl, each with several subclasses respectively. These kernel curves were fitted with the image, and then used for alignment. Yager [28] proposed a two stage optimization alignment combined both global and local features. It first aligned two fingerprints by orientation field, curvature maps and ridge frequency maps, and then optimized by minutiae. The alignment using global features is fast but not robust, because the
The process of verifying a person’s identity, also called authentication, plays an important role in various areas of everyday life. Any situation with user interaction where the identity is required needs a means to verify the claimed identity. One of the more obvious and commonly known application areas for identity verifying technologies, i.e. authentication, is the Logical Access Control to computer systems, where authenticity is normally established by confirming aclaimed identity with a secret password or PIN code.Traditional methods of confirming the identity of an unknown person rely either upon some secret knowledge (such as a PIN or password) or upon an object the person possesses (such as a key or card). But testing for secret knowledge or the possession of special objects can only confirm the knowledge or presence, and not, that the rightful owner is present. In fact, both could be stolen. Conversely, biometric technology is capable of establishing a much closer relationship between the user’s identity and a particular body, through its unique features or behavior.
The term biometrics is commonly known as the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences. Though, even more recently it has taken on a whole new definition. Biometrics is an amazing new topic referring to “the emerging field of technology devoted to the identification of individuals using biological traits, based on retinal or iris scanning, fingerprints, or face recognition”. Biometrics has already begun using applications that range from attendance tracking with a time clock to security checkpoints with a large volume of people. The growing field of biometrics has really been put on the map by two things, the technological advances made within the last 20 years, and the growing risk of security and terrorism among people all over the world. In this paper I will focus on: the growing field of biometrics, why it is important to our future, how the United States government has played a role in its development and use, the risks involved, the implications on public privacy, and further recommendations received from all over the science and technology field.
The costs of implementing biometrics into security, specifically passports, are enormous. In many instances, cost is much higher than traditional forms of security such as passwords and personal identification numbers.10 Biometrics also puts users...
PKC is the enabling technology for all Internet security and the increasing use of digital signatures, which are replacing traditional signatures in many contexts. However, RSA is better than PKC because RSA doesn’t need digital signature. As a result, the RSA algorithm turned out to be a perfect fit for the implementation of a practical public security system. In 1977, Martin Gardner first introduced the RSA system. After 5 years, company RSA used secure electronic security products. Nowadays many credit companies of all over the world use the RSA system or a similar system based on the RSA system.
A biometric recognition system can be used with a number of physiological characteristics (e.g. fingerprint, palmprint, hand geometry, face, iris, ear shape, and retina vein) and behavioral characteristics (e.g. gait, voice, signature and keystroke dynamics) to provide automatic identification of individuals based on their inherent physical and /or behavioral characteristics. Among these biometrics, iris recognition is one of the most accurate and reliable biometric for identification because of following characteristics (i) Iris pattern has complex and distinctive pattern such as arching ligaments, crypts, corona, freckles, furrows, ridges, rings and a zigzag collarette [1]. (ii) possess 266 degrees-of-freedom in variability and uniqueness in the order of one in 1072 [2].
Fingerprint scanning has already been implemented into business to effectively enhance security and authentications. When scanning a fingerprint, a scanner has to have a pre-saved image of the authorized finger to compare images in a linked database to allow access. In order to allay privacy concerns, however, fingerprint scanners do not store actual fingerprint images. Instead unique characteristics of the fingerprint are analyzed and stored as an encrypted mathematical representation (Ballard, 2016). Businesses are hoping to safeguard their sensitive data by using this form biometrics as a viable option because of the several benefits and low costs. This is a easy to use system with cheap equipment that generally requires low power consumption. However, the disadvantage is that if the surface of the finger is damaged or contains any marks, the identification becomes increasingly difficult. Fingerprint security systems are already
...hniques such as correlation-based matching, minutiae-based matching, and pattern-based (or image-based) matching uses standard dataset for testing purpose. But Practically due to some physical changes in finger during verification ,system gets failed. Various fingerprint matching techniques do not authenticate wrinkled fingers. Thus error rate gets increased when matching is done between dry and wet-wrinkled fingers .Thus proposed system will extract features which will not change even after wrinkling. The proposed system will use minutiae based matching due to which error rate can be reduced. The Wet and Wrinkled Fingerprint (WWF) dataset is used to check the performance of proposed system. In this dataset there are wrinkled fingers due to wetness also some samples of dry fingers. Thus proposed matching algorithm will improve fingerprint recognition for wet fingers.
Within the article the authors point out the use of biometric and multi-modal authentication techniques, pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of different authentication approaches. The article has substantial background information and study results, not only point out the impact of such methods but also shows how the active authentication can take place to benefit the
In this two days, the using of the Biometrics have been increased to a high level of using it around the world, so it has been too widespread, a lot of the banks, malls, computing companies and etc… using it in their security systems, and they use it in an international ways of using, perhaps they have been learned to using it in a different ways, but also they have been a proficient users of it, they can access their information but in a security way that is Biometrics, so for example there is a bank in a country that have been opened or created by a government since few days, so the manager of this bank want to create a security system for the bank, that the costumers feel like secure when they try to start their working life there, so before everything and before the launching of the bank, they will start to discuss a very long discussion with a known company that have a good impression of the experiences about the security things in the country, so first of all the company will have a contract with the manager of the bank talking about every things of the system such as, public acceptance, costs, reliability, logistics and design, so they will talk about these thing and then will create the contract, and also they will signature about the contract, this is for that if any part of the contract the manager and the compny have been retreat about the contract will pay a money or a pay a mulct for the retreat, but this happens a few with the contracts about this kind of discussions, then after that the company will start to create the security system of the bank step by step till they will finish working on it, so the purpose of this paper is to introduce the reader on the contract that have been created between the bank and the co...
Biometrics is described as the use of human physical features to verify identity and has been in use since the beginning of recorded history. Only recently, biometrics has been used in today’s high-tech society for the prevention of identity theft. In this paper, we will be understanding biometrics, exploring the history of biometrics, examples of today’s current technology and where biometrics are expected to go in the future.
Abstract--- Biometrics covers a variety of technologies in which unique identifiable attributes of people are used for identification and authentication. Palm print recognition system is widespread bio-metric authentication systems. A palm print is the feature pattern on the basis of their edges. Each person has his own palm prints with the permanent uniqueness. The common problem for palm print recognition is finding the minutiae by its local features and edges. Rotation and location invariant of the different palm prints images is also a major problem for recognizing the actual palm print image. There is need to overcome form these difficulties and to work over these areas. The given paper gives the comprehensive review of Palm Print recognition
Biometric technology is used for the ways humans can be identified by unique aspects of their bodies, such as fingerprints, body odor, our voices and many more. If one was to think about privacy rights, he/she would be concerned about the widespread adoption of these systems, since such systems could easily be used to develop a record of known rebellious people and/or dangerous criminals, to be used for social control purposes. Although that may seem pretty good and a positive thing for the society, one should take into account of the defects and errors of technology. Of the many biometrics technologies that are being developed and are already developed, facial recognition is one of the most threatening because it can be deployed secretly; one may not know whether or when they can be caught in a surveillance camera for such facial recognition biometrics. Additionally, tests have found that the miscalculations for facial biometrics technologies are very high. As a result, according to Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, innocent people can be erroneously identified as dangerous criminals and actual dangerous criminals and/or suspected terrorists can fail to be detected overall, allowing for a huge injustice and unfairness. Privacy rights concerned with biometrics have sparked a concern and should be dealt with; otherwise, this is just one of the
As one of the feature of biometric, signature verification is used to find the authenticity of a person to give the access the most valued and important documents and shelf. Firstly the signature of a person are taken as a reference in database. To generate the database, number of attempts from the same person has been taken, as it would permit minute deviations in signatures that generates due to environmental conditions. Once it is done, then the signatures at other times are every time then verified with the existing database. Because of confidentially of the file/document/transaction giving access is the crucial process that should be monitored with perfection. The same happens with offline signature verification. Computerized process and verification algorithm (thus software) takes fully care of signature under test, generate results that are 100% authentic, and advocates credibility of the concerned person .However, there might raise issue of authenticity even if the same person performs the signature. Or, at times a forge person may duplicate the exact signature. Many research have been done to find the accuracy of result so as to prevent from forgery. Forgery is also divided into different categories depending upon their severity as
“The term -information security- means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction” (United States Code, 2008). In order to ensure the identity of who is trying to access the information, the concept of “Biometric Technology” has been developed in the last years. This essay will start explaining this concept and the characteristics of its development through the time. Then, the essay will offer a brief explanation of biometric systems operation and a description of different biometric systems developed until now. Finally, this research analyzes the current and future applications and the issues that surround it.