Immuno-toxicity:
It is defined as a condition where an immunotoxin adversely affects immune system. An Immunotoxin is a human made protein which consists of protein linked to a toxin. The protein acts in “targeting” specific cells, which are killed when the protein binds to such cells and the toxin is taken in through a process called “endocytosis”. Immunotoxicity comprises direct toxicity to components of the immune system, resulting in suppressed function or inadvertent stimulation.
The immune system consist of complex network of cells and soluble mediators that interact in a highly regulated manner to generate immune responses, consequently inappropriate immune responses might lead to allergic and auto immune diseases.
NSAIDs:
NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) have antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions in different measures. They act mainly on peripheral pain mechanisms and do not cause physical dependence or depress CNS. Although the risk of adverse effects from NSAIDs increases with long term usage, they are a reliable and effective treatment for control of moderate pain. The most common NSAIDs are aspirin, phenylbutazone, diclofenac, paracetamol, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen.
Few NSAID`s and there structures:
Aspirin
Uses: Besides, having regular antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects, it is believed to have antioxidant effects (Ataollah, 2011) via its ability to scavenge-OH radicals.
Ibuprofen:
Uses: Migraine treatment (Evers, 2011)
Paracetamol:
Uses: Most common household drug
Mechanism:
There are different types of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes i...
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...Early Pregnancy Linked to Risk for Miscarriage, Canadian Medical Assosciation Journal, 110454.
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NSAIDs mode of action is to reduce the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are hormones which trigger pain and inflammation in the immediate damaged area. NSAIDs inhibit an enzyme, Cyclo-Oxygenase (COX), which is involved in the first stage of prostaglandin production. There are two variants of this enzyme; COX-1 is responsible for the normal every day production of prostaglandins whereas COX-2 is responsible for production of additional prostaglandins when the body is injured as a natural defensive response. Non-selective NSAIDs, such as Ibuprofen, inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 whereas selective NSAIDs; Celecoxib and Etoricoxib, inhibit only COX-2 (Society for Endocrinology, 2013; Ogbru, 2009).
The job of the immune system is to keep “foreign” invaders out of the body, or if one gets in, to seek it out and kill it. These foreign invaders are called pathogens, which are tiny organisms that can cause an infection in the body. Pathogens can be bacteria, parasites, and fungi (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immuneSystem/pages/whatisimmunesystem.aspx).
The immune system is one of the major systems of the human body. It protects the body from diseases and infections that could cause harm to a person’s body. To protect the body it distinguishes between unhealthy and healthy cells (National Institute). The immune system distinguishes between these cells to determine if the body is being invaded by a disease, or if the body is fine and healthy. It will fight off foreign contaminants if they are invading the body to potentially harm it. The immune system works to suppress any unwanted cells, microbes, etc. Without a proper working immune system, the human population would constantly be sick.
The immune system, which is composed of cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, is the body’s innate defense against foreign particles that may show to be harmful or infectious to us. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks potentially dangerous organisms and substances that invade our systems. (Durani, Y., 2012) The immune system’s key players include leukocytes, the lymphoid organs, and the lymphatic vessels. Leukocytes are white blood cells that recognize and destroy the harmful invaders. Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen) make and/or store the leukocytes, and lymphatic vessels are a network of tissues that allow for the leukocytes to circulate through blood or the various lymphoid organs. (Durani, Y., 2012)
Arthur, G.R., Foote, G., Page, C., Scott, J.S., Thornton, J.G., Tovey, L.A. 1989. Efficacy and Long Term Effects of Antenatal Prophylaxis with Anti-D Immunoglobulin. British Medical Journal. V. 298 (6689). Pg. 1671-1673.
The innate immune system is given to you at birth and always has microbes ready to fight (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). This system is very fast to detect and attempt to eliminate any invading cells. It reacts by triggering Toll-like receptors (TLRs) who then fasten to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The first line of defense in the innate immune system contains the skin and mucous membranes, along with normal microbiota (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The second line of defense of the “early-warning” system consists of natural killer cells, phagocytes, eosinophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). Although a powerful system, it cannot take
Autoimmune disease arises when a bodies own immune system inability to distinguish between the bodies one cells and foreign antigens. An individuals own body own immune system will attack against its own organs and tissues. The term autoimmunity was given to this inappropriate response. At first the thought that it was a result of the elemiation of self reactive lymphocytes during the development of bone marrow and the thymus. But then it was found that normal healthy individuals that had mature recirclating self reactive lymphocytes still have the possibility of having an immune reaction. The main function of the immune system is the ability to distinguish normal body constitvents from foreign substances such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoas and paracites. Antibodies or lymphocytes recongnize and defend against the harmful agents. Both genetics and environmental factors can be causes of autoimmune disorders. The origin of most autoimmune diseases are note clearly understood.
In healthy people, the immune system protects the body from foreign invaders. In most cases this saves lives, but for many unlucky people, the immune system turns id more destructive than it is helpful. The immune system is a complex system of blood cells and organs that must work together properly to keep the body healthy.In disorders such as multiple sclerosis, the immune system turns against itself, destroying healthy body systems.
Corticosteroids are the only treatment that suppresses the inflammation in asthmatic airways; this action underlies the important improvement in asthma symptoms and prevention of exacerbations.
our body's immune system usually protects you from substances that may be harmful, such as germs, poisons, and sometimes, cancer cells.
The anti-inflammatory activities are screened by albumin denaturation technique. Out of twenty four synthesized derivatives five shows excellent activity, and remaining all exhibited moderate to low anti-inflammatory activity. The in vitro anti tubercular activities are performed by Lowenstein Jensen method. In antituberculer activity Isoniazid and rifampicin are used as reference compound against the synthesized compound at different concentration 50 and 100 g/ml. Out of twenty three synthesized compounds, azetidinone ring containing compounds exhibited satisfactory antituberculer activity compare to thiazolidine and pyrazoline ring containing compounds.
Prostaglandins are formed by the enzymes COX1 or COX2. The prostaglandins produced by COX1 are generally responsible for the maintenance and protection of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and other organs. The prostaglandins produced by COX2 are predominantly known to cause inflammation and pain responses. NSAIDs work by primarily inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins by the COX2 enzyme. As the formation of the prostaglandins produced by COX2 diminishes, pain and inflammation also
biology, immunity system is a state of having sufficient biological defense to avoid infection, disease or other unwanted biological invasion."
"An aspirin a day keeps the doctor away." Although this saying can be true, it is not only aspirin that can cure the pains of life, but also several other types of analgesics. There are a wide variety of analgesics. More commonly known as painkillers. The narcotic analgesics act on the central nervous system and change the user's perception; they are more often used for severe pain and can make the user develop an addiction. The nonnarcotic analgesics, known as over the counter or OTC, work at the site of the pain. These do not create tolerance or dependence and do not vary the user's perception. OTC's are more commonly used everyday to treat mild pain.
It is high in potassium, which regulates the pH levels of the skin and treats allergies.