3.4 The modification in TOPSIS method
For simplification reasons, a modified TOPSIS method is presented. The TOPSIS method includes the following steps:
Suppose a given matrix.
1. Normalized matrix construction
2. Weighted normalized matrix construction
3. Find the ideal and negative ideal sets
4. Calculate the separation measurers from ideal and negative ideal sets
5. Calculate the relative closeness
6. Select the maximum value
The steps in the modified TOPSIS method are the same with a slight difference.
The step 3. Find the ideal and negative ideal sets changes to the following: 3. Find the ideal sets.
An example will shed light to this difference.
Suppose we want to choose a house. The criteria are Cost, Safety and Distance. The alternatives are House1, House2, House3 and House4. There will be used a scale from 1 to 9. 1 is for the least important and 9 is for the most important. For example, in terms of Safety, House1 has 5 while House2 has 2. This means that safety in House1 is 3 times better that Safety in House 2.
In this example, Safety and Distance are positive criteria. This means that the bigger value they have the better it is. However, Cost is a negative criterion, meaning that the lower the better. In the modified TOPSIS, the Cost is a positive criterion because the cheapest house will have the bigger number from the scale one to nine. Suppose that House1 costs £10.000,00 and House2 costs £17.320,78. The value of House1 in the decision table is 6 and the value of House2 is 3.
Cost Safety Distance
House1 6 4 3
House2 3 5 5
Table 3-7 Judgements in TOPSIS method
In the previous TOPSIS method, negative and positive criteria should be determined.
The prototype will implement TOPSIS with ...
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...” includes the use case “Choose Project”. This means that if the decision maker wants to view a project s/he must choose this project.
The <> relationship
In the <> relationship, the use case which is included by another case is compulsory for the completion of this another use case. On the contrary, in the <> relationship, the child use case enhances the functionality of the parent use case. We can infer from this that the child use case is not compulsory for the completion of the parent use case.
For example, the use case “View Projects” is the parent use case and the use case “View Project Details” is the child use case. The latter use case is optional for the decision maker.
Another important aspect of this diagram is that the actors Moderator and Participants inherit the use cases of the parent actor who is the Decision Maker.
There were three main factors used for choosing this project. First, its low initial investment that makes
There was a discussion on the scope clouds and contract numbers. Several of the contract drawings will be used for overlapping contracts and so the clouds and notes have been implemented to delineate between them. This project is 9959-5, so the clouds illustrating work under a different contract are not in this scope of work.
A high rating on this criterion is an outcome that would be supported by all of the key decision makers involved, while a low rating would be an outcome that is more difficult to gain acceptance. Criterion 3: Administrative Feasibility. The alternative can be designed so that it is possible to operate efficiently and without significant budget to the country. Obviously, if new staff needed in order to properly administer the alternative, then it would not be considered an efficient, cost-effective option. This is assessed by a single criterion, recruitment capacity, which can be defined by the number of staff required.
...ther words, the action would handle all factors that would be involved compared to its alternatives that may only consider a single factor such as financial availability leaving others such as management types, and the public response to the initiative. Therefore, the recommended course is far much better when compared to the mentioned alternatives. Analyzing the entire project is broken down into necessary steps needed to achieve the goal, as many factors have been taken into consideration.
The presumption that local values and preferences differ from those obtained in other settings, questions the usefulness of using the latter. In several cases, local values and preferences contributed significantly to the formulation of recommendations.
First is to examine each of those projects to the corporate objectives, compare and contrasting project selection criteria and justify why a project meets the selection criteria.
reasoning. But in order to aggregate preference, it is necessary to measure them on a
“Marginal analysis involves changing the value(s) of the choice variable(s) by a small amount to see if the objective function can be further increased (in the case of maximization problems) or further decreased (in the case of minimization problems)” (Thomas & Maurice, 2012, pp. 91). Marginal analysis is known as “the central organizing principle of economic theory” for its importance and applicability to many aspects of our daily lives as well as our careers (Thomas & Maurice, 2012, pp. 94). The key concepts of marginal analysis include total benefit, total cost, marginal benefit, marginal cost and net benefit. These concepts all come together to play a significant role in the use of marginal analysis to reach the optimal desired outcome.
For decision making purposes, the projects can be further divided into two groups which is independent project and mutually...
Evaluate solutions on the basis of quality, acceptability, and standards: solutions should be judged on two major criteria: how good they are, and how acceptable they will be to those who have to implement them.
A documentation framework is essential for any large project; hence, RUP describes how to document functionality, constraints, design decisions and business requirements. Use Cases and Scenarios, are examples of artifacts prescribed by the process and have been found to be very effective at both capturing functional requirements and providing coherent threads throughout the development and deployment of the system.
1.a)Because of the issue of scarcity, people must make choices, what determines these choices is the value we place on them and what we have to give up to get them. What we have to give up is called opportunity cost (OC). For example, if I decide to go hiking instead of attending my tutorial class, “attending the class” would be my opportunity cost, and “hiking” what I have evaluated more important in term of benefits and costs. In this instance, the opportunity cost of making a pizza for Monica is 6 coffee: which is the quantity of coffee Monica has to give up to make a pizza, for Rachael the opportunity cost is 4 coffee. To determine absolute and comparative advantages we compare the opportunity costs. Given that Monica and Rachael are using
The next step is to choose the criteria that we are going to take into consideration. In my opinion, the most important criteria are the following (their order does not indicate their importance):
There are different types of UML diagrams. Each UML diagram is designed to let developers and customers view a software system from a different perspective and in varying degrees of abstraction. UML diagrams commonly created in visual modeling tools include: use case diagram which displays the relationship among actors and use cases. Class case diagram models class structure and contents using design elements such as classes, packages and objects. It also displays relationships such as containment, inheritance, associations and others. Sequence diagram displays the time sequence of the objects participation in the interaction. This consists of the vertical dimension (time) and horizontal dimension (different objects). Collaboration diagram displays an interaction organized around the objects and their links to one another. Numbers are used to show the sequence of messages. State diagram displays the sequences of states that an object of an interaction goes through during its life response to received stimuli, together with its response and actions. Activity diagram displays a special state diagram where most of the states are action states and most of the transitions are triggered by completion of the actions in the source states. This diagram focuses on flows driven by internal processing.
The following is a decision-making model that I have used to arrive at a decision.