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effects of peer pressure on adolescents
effects of peer pressure on adolescents
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Middle childhood Reflection
My son BOB BOB is currently experiencing his middle childhood. He is smart, funny, competitive, full of energy, and independent. I have observed him trying out new things, He has become Mr. Social with peers and he appears to value their relationships. My wife recently got him a cell phone and his texts message his friends constantly, which speak to his enhanced fine motor skills. He also appears to take seriously his academic studies. He has participated in science exhibits and spelling contest. He is on his middle school basketball team, as well. All my sons at this time played sports as I have always felt this was a crucial time for develop of self-esteem and social graces. Sigmund Freud called this period the Latency stage and he suggested this period is when a child develops social interest and acquires intellectual skills (Broderick, & Blewitt, 2010). Erik Erikson in his theory considered this the industry vs. inferiority stage, he formularized that this is where a child acquires intellect or develops a sense of inferiority or failure if they are not accepted among peers (Sharf, 2008). Furthermore, Piaget claims that this period is when a child begins to reason, which he classified as the concrete operational stage (Broderick, & Blewitt). He also suggests that children start to think in the abstract. Likewise, he claims, child start to increase their memory capacity and start to think about thinking, their language skills improve, as well as their ability to process information more quickly. In addition, they improve their problem solving skills. Additionally, research claims that interactions with adults, verbalization of numbers and comprehension of shapes afford a child a ...
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...ttons, during this period, he experienced multiple relationships, he was in the optimal health, and he traveled and lived carefree. Research stated in Broderick and Blewitt suggest this is when an individual is at peak performance. Additionally, the goal is accomplishment in the form of a career or establishment in work becomes principal (Broderick, & Blewitt).
Similarly, the research supports that this is a period when an individual absorbs the limitation of their learning as it relates to problem solving and they become more attuned to thinking about solutions to issues, which develop as adults (Broderick, & Blewitt). Additionally, the research suggest this is a period where earlier unresolved issues like attachment or self-confidence start to manifest in relationships of intimacy, career advancement and overall life fulfillment(Broderick, & Blewitt).
In acquiring this new-found knowledge Piaget stated that when the child is given a more complex problem they can use logical and cognitive processes to answer instead of just their imagination and/or visual prospects (Feldman, 2006, pp. 286-287). Although some kids may not fully just jump into the concrete operation stage Piaget says it is completely normal that kids shift back and forth between preoperational and concrete operational thinking during the two years before they completely reach the stage. When the process is complete you should notice how your child becomes more sophisticated in handling their information. Their concepts of speed and time also highly increase. During the middle childhood stage, short term memory improves significantly. For example, a child will be able to repeat a set of numbers back to you with more ease and less concentration then they could before (Feldman, 2006, p. 289). Vocabulary of children also begin to rapidly increase during the school years. They can take in what the teacher says and store it in their brains so more knowledge is obtained. This is the stage in which your child usually learns to read and
Middle School and AVID has prepared me for high school in many different ways. I will use everything I have learned in middle school and AVID in order to achieve success in high school. I have learned skills such as managing my time, organizing my work, and taking good and quality notes. If I use these skills in high school I know I will succeed. I also know that these skills would make it easier for me to reach my goals in completing dual enrollment and receiving at least a 4.0 GPA.
Erik Erikson developed eight psychosocial stages that occur through life. These stages help parents of younger children understand what the child is thinking and why they are acting the way that they do. For a person to become a well-rounded adult they need to succeed in each level. This essay will discuss the first six stages into young adulthood.
Middle Childhood is a distinct period of development where a child develops physically, cognitively and social-emotionally. Between the school years of 3 and 7, children begin to gain an understanding of themselves in comparison to others, learn large amounts of information, manage their behaviour and also develop self-concepts and self-esteem. (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010.)
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory labeled this period of life the latency stage, a time when sexual and aggressive urges are repressed. Freud suggested that no significant contributions to personality development were made during this period; therefore, middle childhood was not considered an important stage in human development according to Freud’s analytical theory. However, more recent theorists have recognized the importance of middle childhood for the development of cognitive skills, personality, motivation, and inter-personal relationships. Erikson's conception of middle childhood is the industry/inferiority stage were children begin to develop an attitude about themselves, develop self-esteem, internalize society's standards, and develop an evaluation of socially relevant emotions of shame and pride.
This essay will explore the authors meaning of reflection, how various reflective styles can benefit the practitioners within their settings, and how important reflection is within Early Years Practice. According to Appleby (2010, p.10), reflection is a generic term which describes various behaviours involving feelings, and thinking about thoughts and experiences, in order to examine issues and develop, new understandings and insights. Reflection within practice allows the practitioner to develop a sense of awareness around their daily activities, and helps them to evaluate how they could evolve these activities further, if the given opportunity was to arise again. Similarly, keeping a reflective journal
In Erickson’s Stages of Development a child in middle childhood, (or children from age six to age eleven), move through the industry versus inferiority stage. This stage is marked by the child working to gain new skills and in general just being productive (Click P. M., Parker J., 2002, p. 89). A child who is successful in their attempts will gain confidence in themselves and move on into adolescence firmly on the industrious side. A child who is not successful in acquiring the skills they try will move on to the adolescent stage with the mindset that they are inferior to their peers.
After reviewing Erikson’s eight stages of life, I believe I am currently in the seventh stage. The seventh stage is known as the mature adulthood (generativity vs. stagnation (or self-absorption)). I am only 22 years old; however, I have completed stage six of young adulthood (intimacy vs. isolation). According to McAdams (2009), “In intimacy versus isolation, the young adult seeks to form long-term bonds with others, epitomized in marriage or long-term romantic commitments,” (p. 382). I have seized my identity and have found intimacy. The intimacy I have found has been characterized into marriage. Since my husband and I have high levels of identity, we were able to establish and maintain a stable relationship with one another.
The main tenant of the psychosocial development theory throughout the life cycle is that an individual’s personality is held to unfold over the course of their life, with healthy development based on the ability of the individual to master tasks and skills at each level or stage of life (Coady & Lehman, 2008; Hutchison, 2008). Erikson’s original model sectioned the life span into eight levels with each containing its own unique psychosocial challenge or conflict which, depending on the outcome, would help the individual experience positive growth (Coady & Lehman, 2008; (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2005/2011; Hutchison, 2008). The eighth stage encompasses late adulthood, where the conflict experienced is that of integrity versus despair. If an individual has experienced successful o...
Shaffer, D., Kipp, K., Wood, E., & Willoughby, T. (2010). Developmental psychology childhood and adolescence. (3rd ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
The first stage, which happens between birth and 18 months, is trust vs. mistrust. During this stage, an infant is confused about the world being a safe place and wonders if his or her needs will be met. As a result, the infant looks to the primary caretaker for consistent care and hope that his or her needs can be met. Erikson explains that those that receive constant care during this stage will develop a sense of trust. The basic virtue in this stage is hope. The second stage of this theory is autonomy vs. shame and doubt, which happens between 18 months and 3 years. During this stage, there is an increase in mobility and independence. Erikson explains that it is critical to allow the child to explore their limits and allow failure. The basic virtue in this stage is will. Initiative vs. Guilt that happens between 3 and 5 years is the stage that follows. During this stage, children take more initiative to engage with peers. Erikson explains that during this stage if children are given the opportunity to take initiative, they will develop a sense of security in their ability to lead. The basic virtue in this stage is purpose. Industry vs. Inferiority, which happens between 5 and 12 years, emphasizes school and friendships. Erikson believes that during this stage, children will seek approval from others by displaying skills that are valued by others. Additionally, he believes that if
...through 8 different psychosocial stages of life. Each step has to be completed in order to have gained knowledge and to be able to be successful in the next stage of development. Researching this topic has taught me that we can’t skip over skills and expect to have success or live happily ever after. I now realize how important learning from my mistakes can be. Childhood becomes the remembered past and adulthood the anticipated future (McAdams, 2001).
In electing to observe a kindergarten class, I was hoping to see ‘real world’ examples of the social development, personality types and cognitive variation found within the beginning stages of “Middle Childhood” as discussed within our text.
Young adults think differently than adolescents and they have different views and opinions on things. During adulthood, an individual begins to discontinue their risky behaviors such as having sex without protection, driving recklessly, and playing dangerous sports. On the other hand, some people still continue this behavior while in adulthood but it is not common. Many people believe that the key sign of actually becoming an adult is financially supporting oneself. This step occurs sooner to the students who either do not attend college or do not finish high school. Students which go to college, this occurs to them later on in life. Establishing intimacy is the sixth step in Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, “intimacy versus isolation.” Once a person has established their own identity, they are prepared to establish a “shared identity” (intimacy) with another person. Men and women resolve intimacy issues very differently, for instance, some women establish intimacy by getting married and having children, before they actually establish their identity. Middle-aged women attending college are an example of these
The first stage is the sensorimotor stage where children develop sensory skills such as seeing, listening and touching (Piaget, 1964). For the preoperational stage, kids form the capability to use symbols that help them experience things with no direct contact. A key similarity among all Cooley, Mead, and Piaget is the role of language as a significant symbol in developing self. Language acts as a channel for socializations enabling the development of one’s self-concept. In the third stage, humans can understand reasoning such as causation, size, numbers, and speed (Piaget, 1964). The final stage involves the development of abstract thinking to solve theoretical problems. Piaget makes concrete points, but these stages are controversial since they do not illustrate how socialization and development of self are connected. Moreover, not all humans can make it up to the fourth stage to develop self-concept because of social experiences or biological conditions. For instance, some teens face difficult challenges due to increased social experiences such as bullying that can lead them to develop psychological issues or mental illnesses lacking the ability for abstract skills (Wylie, 1974). People also draw their cognitive skills based on their cultural background, meaning they undergo different experiences; thus the stages may not apply to