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media and terrorism intorduction
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INTRODUCTION
The media is a powerful actor in terrorism. How important the media is during terrorist incidents is a matter of constant argument (Atwater, 1987; Jenkins, 2003). The understanding of the connections between terrorism and the media must found through broader analysis of; the power of the media ( Shaw and McCombs, 1972), especially in trouble situations ( Arno, 1984); the way journalists, editors, authorities, and terrorists relate to each other; empirically analyzing the media; and the link between terrorism and public opinion .Since the early 1970s, researchers have examined the role of the news media in connection with terrorism and have found out how the media interact with terrorist.
TERRORIST AND THE USE OF MEDIA
Many terrorist groups or organization are very aware and able to understand other people`s feeling in the timing of news stories and audience dynamics then structure their actions accordingly (Weimann and Winn, 1994). Several examples include ; the Westgate bombing in Kenya ,the 1974 kidnapping of Patricia Hearst by members of the Symbionese Liberation Army, the 1977 Baader-Meinhof gang suicide in Stammheim prison and the and kidnapping of the Italian Prime Minister, Aldo Moro, by the Red Brigades,1983 Armenian Revolutionary Army attack against the Turkish ambassador in Lisbon, 1984 bombing of the Grand Hotel in Brighton by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (Poland, 1988),1972 kidnapping of Israeli athletes during the 1972 Olympics that were held in Munich whereby Black September members realized that the world’s major media organizations would be at the event and decided to use the incident for attention. Also, the 1979 Iranian activists’ taking over the American embassy in Te...
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...P.J.M. (1992). Terrorists’ perspectives: Memoirs. In D.L. Paletz, & C.D. Schmid, Terrorism and the Media, (pp. 29-61) London:
Glüpker, G. (2008). Media and terrorism. Norderstedt: Germany.
Hocking, J.J. (1992). Governments’ perspectives. In: D.L. Paletz & C.D. Schmid, Terrorism and the media, (pp. 86-104). London:
Koh, H.H. (2002). Preserving American Values: In D.L. Paletz & C.D. Schmid, Terrorism and the media. (pp. 3). London:
Paletz, D.L. & Tawney, L.L. (1992). Broadcasting organizations’ perspectives. In D.L. Paletz & C. D. Schmid, Terrorism and the media. (pp. 105-110). London:
Paletz, D.L., & Vinson, C.D.. (1992). Introduction. In D.L. Paletz & C.D. Schmid, Terrorism and the media (pp. 1-5). London:
Schmid, A.P., & De Graaf, J. (1982). Violence as communication: Insurgent terrorism and the Western news media. London:
Jeffrey David Simon, The Terrorist Trap: America's Experience with Terrorism, 2nd ed. (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2001), 188-89.
The attacks that occurred on 9/11 took place on September 11th, 2001. In this devastating event, four different attacks had taken place. Each of the attacks were carried out by terrorists. The group responsible for the attack was Al-Qaeda, a militant Islamist organization that is known to be global in present day. The group itself has a network consisting of a Sunni Muslim movement that aims to make global Jihad happen. Furthermore, a stateless, multinational army that is ready to move at any given time. This terrorist group focuses on attacking non-Sunni Muslims, those who are not Muslim, and individuals who the group deems to be kafir. Ever since the late 1980s, Al-Qaeda has been wreaking havoc all around the world. The leader of the group once being Osama bin Laden. Three planes were bound for New York City while another plane headed towards Washington, D.C. which was supposed to take out the U.S. Capitol. Two of the airplanes crashed into the World Trade Center. One plane hitting the North Tower and the other hitting the South Tower. The third plane had crashed into the Pentagon taking out the western side of the building. The last and final plane was focused solely on taking out the U.S. Capitol in Washington D.C. but failed due to passengers of the plane coming hijacking it from the hijackers. The passengers attempted to take out the hijackers but sadly failed, crashing it into a field in Pennsylvania. Throughout the content of this paper, we will be focusing on the role of media when it comes to 9/11; more specifically: how the media's coverage of 9/11 manipulated our feelings towards 9/11, how it affected Islamophobia in America, and the lasting effects of 9/11.
Currie, Stephen. "Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda." Terrorists and Terrorist Groups. San Diego: Lucent Books, 2002. 69-83. Print.
Kamla Pande (2009) explored a number of attacks in this research study. However, Pande primarily focused on the attack of the city of Mumbai in India, in November of 2008 (p.5), and the attack on the United States in New York on September 11, 2001 (p. 7). The Mumbai attack occurred on November 26, 2008 and is described as a well-coordinated attack by armed attackers with the use of semi-automatic weapons, grenades and bombs. The attack lasted three days where the attackers opened fire on several businesses and a Jewish cultural center. Over 170 people were killed. In New York, on September 11, 2001, terrorists associated with al-Qaeda, hi-jacked four airplanes, two of which were flown into the World Trade Center. Over 3,000 people were killed during the attack. Pande, then, explored the prevailing research as to the types of media communication frames with regards to reporting terroristic attacks which included “international order” (describing terrorism as organized crime against a global society with a secondary emphasis on religion and politics) and “clash of civilizations” (describing terrorism in the context of hostility between different civilization)(p. 9).
Lawless, M. (2008, October 8). Terrorism: An International Crime. Retrieved from Canadaian Military Journal: http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo9/no2/05-lawless-eng.asp
Herman, E. & Sullivan, G. O.1989. The Terrorism Industry: The Experts and Institutions That Shape Our View of Terror. New York: Pantheon.
Terrorism and the Media . (2008, July 23). Transnational Terrorism, Security & the Rule of Law. Retrieved February 28, 2014, from https://canton.sln.suny.edu/AngelUploads/Content/201402-CAN-JUST-375-0W1/_assoc/2DFCEDA2E5D74D41AF54078C9174402C/Terrorism_and_the_Mass_Media.pdf
Bhutto, Benazir. “Three Victims of Terrorism.” 2002. World Views: Classic and Contemporary Readings, 6th ed. Eds. Darren Felty et al. Boston: Pearson Custom, 2010. 293-304. Print. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.
In recent years, the word “Media” has become a controversial subject due to the reputation that has been formed surrounding it. When defined, “Media” can refer to any form of mass communication, designed to convey information around the globe. However, due to the influential nature of broadcasting, large corporations such as the American broadcasting Corporation (ABC) manipulate reality in order to convey a specific ideology. Under certain circumstances, mass-manipulation of such information can vastly impact the perception of the public on issues such as insurgency in the Middle East. An example of this effect is the aftermath of 9/11, the monumental act of aggression and revolt that took place on the morning of September 11th 2001 in New York City, NY. At 9:03 am United Flight 175, a Boeing 757, was flown into the South Tower of the World Trade Center. The aircraft entered the south face at floors 77-85, controlled by several men of Middle Eastern ethnicity (Federal Bureau of Investigation). In the wake of tragedy, the gap between religion and ethnicity was merged. All those of Middle Eastern ethnicity, or Islamic practice (collectively referred to as “Muslims”), were negatively isolated and integrated into the world of broadcasting. It took mere minutes for reports of the catastrophe to be broadcasted globally and mere days Muslims across the United States to become the central target of discrimination. The imagery, videos and language used to represent innocent civilians of the Middle East have been successful in generating a common sense of fear and uncertainty, in regards to what the future holds, across the country. Corporations such as the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and the Cable News Network (CNN) devotedly b...
For most people, terrorism is associated with momentary acts of bloody violence meant to instill fear and discontent within a targeted group. The violence, destruction, and despair connected to terrorism is part of a larger goal of communicating a message to get a desired response. The meanings behind such messages are sometimes unknown to the victims, or the government agencies often named in the missives sent by these groups. Citizens depend upon their governments and law enforcement agencies to protect them from terrorist attacks and to communicate about possible future risks, but sometimes crisis communication fails to convey a sense of a safety to the populace. There are inherent challenges within crisis communication during and after such events because these situations are tense, uncertain and threats may still be looming. Governments shape the image repair discourse of crisis communication during and after terrorist attacks by primarily using the internet and television to shift blame from themselves, boost public confidence by informing them of corrective actions taken, and to advise the public of possible concerns regarding future dangers.
The events of 9/11 led to a “war on terror” as former US President George Bush described it at the time, but questions have been raised as to whether the global war on terror is a productive response to terrorism (Mockaitis, 2008). Chomsky, (1991) suggests that there are two ways to approach the study of terrorism and that the propagandistic approach is usually used by governments because when societies feel at threat, gover...
Shaw, Anup . Media, Propaganda and September 11 . 26 July 2002. 27 Mar. 2004 .
'Systematic sources of bias in TV coverage of international affairs not only distort information, but can also restrict citizens' awareness and options, and thereby produce more social control. The focus here is on the way TV news formats can limit, constrain, and distort information about terrorism.'
At its epistemic root, the conversation on how to effectively combat radical messaging is a question of how to combat extremism and radicalization. Advocates of strategic communication and censorship strategies implicitly attribute linear causality to the concept of extremism. In this framework, extremism is an outcome resulting from discrete stimuli of certain understandable and identifiable factors. Simply stated, extremism is viewed as a causal relationship whereby factors such as internet access to radical propaganda result in radicalization. This framework implies that radicalization is predictable and that certain factors when observed result in radicalization. While this is a compelling formulation it obscures the social dimensions
In times of War, the media plays a crucial role both in reporting, monitoring and giving updates. During the Vietnam War of 1955-1975, the American press played crucial roles of reporting until it ended up shifting its tone under the influence of occurrence of some events like the Tet Offensive, the My Lai Massacre, the bombing of Cambodia and leaking of Pentagon papers resulting into lack of trust in the press (Knightly 1975). From the beginning of the war up to present times there have been undying debates over the role of media in the war. The have been various criticisms over the American News Media’s actions and influences on the outcome of the war. The debate is embedded on the particular political assumptions perceived across the American political spectrum. Those criticizing the media for its role are of the opinion that the media misunderstood the United States military effort hence hindering succession of the American will in a war which was to be won.