Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a large array of disorders described as abdominal discomfort and pain with changes in bowel. IBS is known for cramping, abdominal pain, bloating gas, diarrhea and constipation. The colon’s many nerves connect it to the brain and are partly controlled by the ANS, which reacts to stress similar to the heart. The ascending pathways dealing with pain consist of three different tracts: the neospinothalamic, the paleospinothalamic, and the archispinothalamic tracts. The dorsal root ganglion is where the first-order neurons are located in all three tracts. Each tract starts in different spinal regions and terminates in a different area in the brain. The neospinothalamic tract is a lateral spinothalamic tract and synapses very little. Each nociceptive neuron has a single axon that divides into two, sending one end to innervate with tissue and the other into the dorsal horn. The A-delta fibres (carrying fast pain and provides information of the exact location of the stimulus) and C-fibres (carrying slow pain) terminate on the dorsal horn. The A-delta fibers terminate and excite the 2nd order neurons. The long fibres discuss immediately through the anterior commissure and off to the brain. Most of the pain fibers below the neck terminate in the ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus and ventroposteroinferior (VPI) nucleus of the thalamus, which is a relay station that sends the signals to the primary somatosensory cortex. The A delta fibers terminate in the ventroposteromedial (VPM) thalamus and are somatotopical. Visceral organ’s nociceptors respond to stimulations such as pressure, tissue damage, and chemical (gastrointestinal lesions and/or tumors). Free nerve endings are scattered an... ... middle of paper ... ... Elsevier. https://www.inkling.com/read/guyton-hall-textbook-of-medical-physiology-12th/chapter-48/dual-pathways-for-transmission Kolodziejak. (February 2008) DRUG TREATMENT FOR IBS. http://www.rxfiles.ca/rxfiles/uploads/documents/GI-IBSyndrome.pdf Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick, and associates. (2001). Neuroscience 2nd Edition. Sunderland. MA. Sinauer Associates. Chapter10 Swenson. (2006). Dartmouth Medical School. Review of Clinical and Functional Neuroscience. Chapter http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_7A.html Wasner, Lee, Engel, McLachlan. Brain. (2008). Residual spinothalamic tract pathways predict development of central pain after spinal cord injury. http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/131/9/2387.full.pdf. 131,2387^240 WedMD. Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Diarrhea. http://www.webmd.com/ibs/treating-diarrhea?page=2 (2005-2014)
The most common and well described pain transmission is “gate control theory of pain”. This theory was first proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965 whereby they used the analogy of gate to explain the inhibition of pain which exists within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. For instance, when tissue damage occurs, substances such as prostaglandin, serotonin, histamine and bradykinin are released from the injured cell. Individual usually consume or apply pain medications such as NSAIDs whereby these medications will cause electrical nerve impulse at the end of the sensory nerve fiber via nociceptor. Nociceptor is a pain receptor that is commonly found in the skin, cornea of eye and organ of motion such as muscles and ligaments. These nerve impulses
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional GI disorder (FGID) characterized by abdominal pain in association with altered bowel habits in the absence of any identifiable structural or biochemical abnormalities. It is a very common disorder that can have a profound negative impact on a patient’s quality of life and constitutes a considerable social and economic burden on society. Extensive research over the last few decades has led to a better understanding of this complex syndrome and improvements in treatment. After a brief review of the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of IBS, the current understanding of the complex physiological mechanisms contributing to the syndrome will be addressed. The remainder of this paper will focus on a number of important topics at the interface of IBS and psychiatry, including psychiatric comorbidity in IBS, the complex role of psychosocial stressors in the onset and perpetuation of symptoms in IBS, and various considerations in the management of IBS from the perspective of psychiatry.
Inflammatory bowel diseases include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. It can lead to severe bowel problems, abdominal pain and malnutrition. Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis can also be painful and debilitating. Medication can eliminate symptoms, in addition to prevent flare-ups. Surgery may be needed in some cases to repair the colon.
Nociception is the term commonly used to refer to the perception of pain. The receptors involved in pain detection are aptly enough referred to as nociceptors - receptors for noxious stimuli. (1) These nociceptors are free nerve endings that terminate just below the skin as to detect cutaneous pain. Nociceptors are also located in tendons and joints, for detection of somatic pain and in body organs to detect visceral pain. Pain receptors are very numerous in then skin, hence pain detection here is well defined and the source of pain can be easily localized. In tendons, joints, and body organs the pain receptors are fewer. The source of pain therefore is not readily localized. Apparently, the number of nociceptors also influences the duration of the pain felt. Cutaneous pain typically is of short duration, but may be reactivated upon new impacts, while somatic and visceral pain is of longer duration. (2) It is important to note that almost all body tissue is equipped with nociceptors. (1, 2) As explained above, this is an important fact, as pain has primary warning functions. If we did not feel pain and if pain did not impinge on our well-being, we would not seek help when our body aches. Hence, it makes evolutionary sense for the body to be so well equipped with nociceptors in almost all locations. The most notable exception to this logic is the brain. The brain itself has no nociceptors and therefore is pain insensitive. Why is this all-important structure not equipped with and therefore indirectly protected by nociceptors?
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of the intestines that leads to crampy pain, gassiness, Bloating, and changes in bowel habits. Some people with IBS have constipation. Others have diarrhea or frequent loose stools, often with an urgent need to move the bowels and some people experience both. Sometimes the person with IBS has a crampy urge to move the bowels but cannot do so.
Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome usually begin during adolescence or early adulthood. Altered bowel movements occur over periods of days to weeks. Occasionally, symptoms may be continuous. In a given individual, both constipation and diarrhea can occur, or either can be the recurring symptom. The course of the disease varies from patient to patient, but individually, it can follow a consistent pattern.
Despite the aforementioned psychological mechanisms associated with pain perception, it is important to mention that pain is first and foremost a biological sensation processed initially by a response in the nerve endings attached to the tissue in the affected area of tissue damage (Moseley, 2017). It is important to identify that there are multiple processes involved in the biological definition of pain, different types of pain are more complex than others and two types of pain are never chemically processed the same way. Stimuli is processed in three ways: Transduction, transmission and perception. Transduction is the process of stimulus being converted into “receptor membrane depolarisation and nerve impulses” (Fields, 2013) this occurs in the ‘primary afferents’ (Pas) these PAs
Some IBS symptoms can be caused by an overgrowth of bacteria. Antibiotics can restore the natural balance of bacteria in your intestine. Some people have treated diarrhea with Xifaxan. However, scientists are still studying the effectiveness of the
Noxious heat stimuli detection can be understood through nociceptor function. Nociceptors are how pain is felt: these peripheral sensory neurons have nerve endings in places like skin, known as cutaneous nociceptors, which detect noxious external stimuli like heat. From these nerve endings in the skin, once an acceptable heat limit is exceeded, nociceptors transduct noxious thermal stimuli into electrical signals which conduct action potentials along the respective axon fibers to the central nervous system (Dubin et. al, 2010). On a broad scale, signals from activated cutaneous nociceptor nerve endings travel to respective cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia, and from the spinal cord transmit pain
Food is the most common trigger, be it a food allergy or a food intolerance. “A wide range of foods has been implicated — chocolate, spices, fats, fruits, beans, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, milk, carbonated beverages and alcohol to name a few.” Stress can also be a factor. When an individuals is under a high amount of stress their sympathetic nervous system may result in not fully absorbing foods once they have been digested. Majority of IBS is seen in females, indicating that hormonal changes may effect food digestion. Lastly any bacteria in the intestines will certainly trigger Irritable Bowel Syndrome. While majority of individuals have experienced some form of acute gastrointestinal problems those who truly have IBS are typically under
college of obstetricans in 2010, they state that the cortex is needed in order to feel pain. Another
There are 4 steps that make up the mechanisms of pain and they include transduction, transmission, modulation and perception. The pain originates in the periphery at the receptors in the end of nerves and can be in the form of heat, cold, mechanical or even chemical pain. The first step is transduction which is when the external stimuli are converted into an electrical impulse in the form of an action potential. Next there is a transmission of the action potential through the afferent neurons to t...
The word pain is used to explain a broad range of unpleasant sensory and emotional experiences connected with definite or potential tissue damage. It is caused by the commencement of Nociceptors by chemical, thermal, automatic, or other stimuli. Pain is a warning sign that we cannot ignore. It is an significant function for survival. Pain can travel in two different pathways. Fast pathway identify sharp pain and send the information to the cortex. Slow pathways sends the information through the limbic system (aching, burning)
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain and the spinal cord serves as the collection section of the nerve impulses. With damage to the peripheral nervous system the central nervous wouldn’t be able to interpret the stimuli’s because they wouldn’t be able to receive them. This system is considered to be ...