Introduction The measurement of life expectancy can be measured by mortality and morbidity (Molla). Mortality is the inclusion of death rates, and morbidity is included in life expectancy when studies focus more on the life of the individual rather than death. The inclusion of morbidity in life expectancy is called healthy life expectancy, and the measurement used when measuring healthy life expectancy is wellbeing, based on surveys (Perenboom). When focusing on healthy life expectancy, as opposed to total life expectancy, the years of life are divided into two or three groups based on the number of healthy years and not-healthy years (Wood). Around the world, there are 49 counties that measure life expectancy (Molla). These countries can be divided into two groups: those with high mortality and those with low. Life expectancy in each cluster of countries increases at about the same rate and that rate has been increasing for decades (Bloom). Life Expectancy is Increasing In the year 1800, overall life expectancy was about 30 years (Bloom). In 1850, life expectancy increased to 41 years (Goldstein). Later, total life expectancy rose to 52.3 years in 1963 (Bloom). Sixteen year old males and females in 1998 had total life expectancies of 59.9 and 65.1 years (Perenboom). In 2001, total life expectancy was 78.9 years for females and 73.5 years for males. Of those years, 70.3% and 58.6% were spent in good health, respectively (Wood). The increase in total life expectancy is global. Countries with a total life expectancy of less than 40 saw an increase of ten years in the period between 1963 and 2003. During the same time period, countries with mid-ranged life expectancy [around 5 years] saw an additional 20 years added to their lives... ... middle of paper ... ...012. Web. . Vinas, Michael S. "Chronology of Medical/Technological Advances." Perfusion Line. 8 Aug. 1999. Web. 6 Feb. 2012. . Winkleby, Marilyn M., Darius E. Jatulis, Erica Frank, and Stephen P. Fortmann. "Socioeconomic Status and Health: How Education, Income, and Occupation Contribute to Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease." American Journal of Public Health 82.6 (1992): 816-20. Web. 6 Feb. 2012. . Wood, Rachael, Matt Sutton, David Clark, Amy McKeon, and Marion Bain. "Measuring Inequalities in Health: The Case for Healthy Life Expectancy." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60.12 (2006): 1089-092. JSTOR. BMJ Publishing Group. Web. 6 Feb. 2012. .
Social determinants of health (SDOH) are increasingly becoming a major problem of Public Health around the World. The impact of resources and material deprivation among people and populations has resulted in an increase in mortality rate on a planetary scale. Social determinants of health are defined as the personal, social, economic and the environmental conditions which determines the health status of an individual or population (Gardner, 2013). Today’s society is characterized by inequalities in health, education, income and many other factors which as a result is becoming a burden for Public Health around the world. Research studies have shown that the conditions in which people live and work strongly influenced their health. Individuals with high levels of education and fall within the high income bracket turn to have stable jobs, live in the best neighborhood and have access to quality health care system than individuals who have low education and fall with the low income bracket. This paper is to explain different social determinants of health and how they play ...
SEDAP. (2007,). Contrasting Inequalities: Comparing Correlates of Health in Canada and the United States (research 167). Retrieved from http://www.socserv.mcmaster.ca/sedap:
...ual relationship with cardiovascular disease. Overall, the results shows that it is best to be increasing or stable amount of income then it would decrease one's chance of risk of cardiovascular disease. However, Johnson hypothesis only used socioeconomic status in relation to income with coronary heart disease but it doesn't explain how coronary heart disease would be measure if one doesn't have income for instance like children and teenager then how would their risk to coronary heart disease would be measure. Would it be measure in relationship to the parents income then? Since the children is taken care by their parent so whatever the parent is expose to is going to have a indirect relationship to the children. A follow up studies should be conducted on how one's social gradient change over their life course in relationship to cardiovascular disease is needed.
...an, P., Egerter, S., & Williams, D. R. (2011). The social determinants of health: coming
Ubiquitous throughout history and across cultures is the concept of rich versus poor. Almost all people fall on a spectrum moving from poverty to affluence. A person’s position on this spectrum is labeled by sociologists as their socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status, often abbreviated as SES, is measured by a person’s income, education, and career. Socioeconomic status is a pinnacle factor in a person’s life, affecting their lifestyle, relationships, and even, as with Dick and Perry, criminal potential. Low socioeconomic status has been shown to correlate with chronic stress, education inequality, and a variety of health problems including hypertension,
Variations in life expectancy and its changes are one major cause of rising income inequality. How long a person lives, as well as their quality of health, can have an important and huge impact on their income and social mobility. The life expectancy of the bottom 10% increases at only half the rate that the life expectancy of the top 10% does (Belsie). This shows that improvements in medicine benefit the wealthy more than the poor. The less wealthy have decreased access to good medical insurance and cannot afford more expensive, quality medical care. The poor are less likely to invest in healthy food and exercise, lowering life expectancy and overall health. These changes result in a cycle that causes the poor to be less healthy, and the less healthy to become increasingly poor. On the other side, the rich have different variations of habits, education, and environments, which can affect life expectancy, often positively for the
Life expectancy in many parts of the world has increased since 1800 (Life Expectancy by Age, n.d). To understand these changes we can study the demographic transition, the changes in birth and death rates over extended periods of time. The industrial revolution has significantly improved the conditions of humans and in 20th century death rates declined but the birth rates remained unchanged. In many of today’s developed countries both rates have declined; however, in developing countries, while death rates have declined due the improvements of living conditions, the birth rates are still high which has caused a record high population growth (HAUB & GRIBBLE, 2011).
During the Industrial Revolution of the Victorian Era, life expectancy was so low due to the lack of sanitation, working conditions, and less medical knowledge that we have now. At the time, the average age people were dying was at 35 years old (Lambert). The age, however, varied depending on where one lived. Normally, people who lived in cities died at a younger age than people who live in rural areas. The class that one was in also greatly impacted a person’s life span. It mainly impacted poor working-class communities, because of the poor conditions that came with being a member of that class (Wilde).
Socio-economic class or socio-economic status (SES) may refer to mixture of various factors such as poverty, occupation and environment. It is a way of measuring the standard and quality of life of individuals and families in society using social and economic factors that affect health and wellbeing ( Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Cockerham (2007 p75) argues: ‘Social class or socioeconomic status (SES) is the strongest predictor of health, disease causation and longevity in medical sociology.’ Research in the 1990s, (Drever and Whitehead, 1997) found out that people in higher SES are generally healthier, and live longer than those in lower SES.
Mensah, G. A., Mokdad, A. H., Ford, E. S., Greenlund, K. J., & Croft, J. B. (2005, January 24). State of Disparities in Cardiovascular Health in the United States. Circulation. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/111/10/1233.short
You Gulubeva and R. I. Danilova, they believe that a healthy lifestyle plays a big component on longevity it is considered the one main key to this case. It is explained throughout the article that as long as you live a healthy life it allows or gives you the opportunity for your organism to be strong enough to live longer, a weak organism is not ideal to reach longevity. "Weakening of the physical and mental abilities of the organism with aging is gradual, and it's impossible to specify exactly when it begins, more over it depends not only on the individual abilities of the organism, but also on the social conditions in which a man lives. As well as degree of his activity, nutrition, and lifestyle". It's also described how there how the "healthy lifestyle" is not prompted yet enough to the elderly population, which can be an explanation as to why the elderly have a healthy dissatisfaction. It has been said by Russians and other foreign authors that the lack of health promotion education lacks room for the ability performance on improving and strengthening health. "The subject concept of health plays a bigger role in longevity than objective measures, so the idea of people about their health is more important than their health". Determinants are one of the things that get in the way of the elderly population, that makes it impossible for them to elongate their life's, for example social status, health status, physical performance, and their mental state. A research in Russia was performed and it was noticed that with the "help of psychical culture is due to necessity of such forms of organization that will consider the level of physical fitness development and state of health and promote the formation of values related to a health
As American society has evolved in the past 100 years and technology has increased and improved, so has the life expectancy for individuals. Currently, females can expect to live for 81 years on average, while males can expect to live for 75 years, giving an average life expectancy of 78.3 years (Santrock, 2013, p.536). According to Santrock (2013), “since 1900, improvements in medicine, nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle have increased our life expectancy an average of 30 additional years,” but another important factor is the decreasing infant mortality, allowing a larger population of people, including older adults (p.536). Making good choices in diet, regular exercise, avoiding drugs and alcohol, along with getting enough sleep and maintaining a low and healthy stress level can all increase life expectancy. Relationships, emotional well-being, and having purpose all also play an important role in determining how long an individual will live. As people are living longer, more ...
Life expectancy statistically measures the average time an individual can be expected to live. In recent years, a significant increase in global life expectancy has been widely observed according to World Health Organization (WHO) data. However, the developing world has struggled with a short lifespan. In South Africa, inhabitants are only expected to live up to 62 years, 22 years lower than the Japanese average age. The reasons for this issue might lie on poor heath provision. This essay will analyze two optimal measurements to tackle with low life expectancy in South Africa.
Technology in terms of medicine has also increased the life expectancy of the average person. With new technological advancements in surgeries, medicines and treatments the average life expectancy is still on the increase. A recent study shows that the average life span for 2004 of a United States Citizen is 77.4 years old. This has increased significantly from 1900 where the average lifespan for a male was 48.2 and for the female 51.5. Thanks to technology we can now live longer.
Past studies have shown that demography data allows understating of the cause of death in the past, therefore allowing a possibility in postponing the death age in the future (Fries, 1980.) For example, non-traumatic and