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importance of inclusive and special education
importance of inclusive and special education
importance of inclusive and special education
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Learning Disabilities Learning disability is a general term that describes specific kinds of learning problems. It is thought to be a neurological or processing disorder that affects the brain's ability to receive, process, store, and respond to information. It can cause a person to have difficulty learning and using certain skills despite having at least average intelligence. The skills most often affected are reading, writing, listening, speaking, reasoning, and doing math. The legal definition of learning disability comes from the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This is a federal law that guides how schools provide special education and related services to children with disabilities. IDEA defines a specific learning disability as “a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations, including conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.” However, learning disabilities do not include learning problems that are mainly the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, of mental retardation, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage. Many states use a discrepancy formula to define learning disability. That is, the student shows a gap, often of 2 years or more, between his or her IQ score and achievement level in a particular area. HOW COMMON ARE LEARNING DISABILITIES? As many as one in five people in the United States has a learning disability. About 5% of the total population of all school-... ... middle of paper ... ...day, have become more common. This has been partially in response to calls to reduce the stigma of being labeled as learning disabled, to expose the learning disabled child to the real world, and to provide the learning disabled child access to more advanced curricular content. The research on the effects of mainstreaming are inconclusive, based on a small number of studies, and focused more on children with mild learning disabilities than with moderate and severe disabilities. The general conclusion at this time is that there is a small to moderate beneficial effect of inclusive education on the academic and social outcomes of special-needs children. However, this effect should be evaluated in terms of the type and severity of the learning disability, the quality of training provided to the teacher, and the level and kinds of support available in the school system.
Basically, there are two parts to a learning disability: one is processing and the second
The word disability means something different to anyone you ask. Officially, having a developmental disability means the disability appears before someone turns 22 years old and causes a chronic life long or extended duration impairment. These disabilities, which may not be seen, can be physical, intellectual, neurological, psychiatric (or others), and the disability has a strong need for services or special care. (Developmental Disabilities Act, section 102[8])
When children do not seem to learn in school, some edifiers and parents may cerebrate the child is just imbecilic or does not have a desire to learn. What they fail to realize is there child has a learning disability. A learning disability can make a person feel like it takes over their lives. But with the right assistance and hard work it will not affect their future success.
A learning disability is defined as any one of various conditions that interfere with an individual's ability to learn, resulting in impaired functioning in language, reasoning, or academic skills. The National Center for Learning Disabilities explains it as a neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to receive process, store and respond to information. Basically, among people with learning disabilities there is a noticeable gap between their level of expected achievement and their actual achievement. Doctors and professionals agree there is no way to pin-point any specific causes for learning disabilities. The NCLD says some possible causes may include heredity, problems during pregnancy or birth, head injuries or nutritional deprivation after birth, and exposure to toxic substances.
Tom Smith, Edward Polloway, James Patton, and Carol Dowdy state, a 2008 report shows that 8.96% of the school-age population… have disabilities and of that number, 3.89% or almost half, were identified as learning disabled (2012, p. 160). Learning disabilities has always been a tough diagnosis due to accounting for a lot of factors like behavior, no proper teaching, culture and language, health issues, and other disability affecting learning. Not only that but there are different subject areas of learning disability in math, reading, and writing.
The classroom is a diverse place where learners from all different genres of life meet. Included in these learners are those that display learning disabilities. According to the British Columbia School Superintendent’s Association, ‘learning disabilities refer to a number of conditions that might affect the acquisition, organization, retention, understanding or use of verbal or nonverbal information. These disorders affect learning in individuals who otherwise demonstrate at least average abilities essential for thinking and/or reasoning’. They also posit that ‘learning disabilities result from impairments in one or more processes related to perceiving, thinking, remembering or learning. These include, but are not limited to language processing,
The term “learning disability” applies to a multitude of different disabilities. This term can refer to a specific disorder, specific disability, or a specific weakness within a student. Using the term learning disability is similar to grouping all people living in the United States as Americans. An important point of learning disabilities is they can occur with other disorders such as ADD or ADHD. This does not mean they occur with every disability, but can be present or contribute to a learning disability (Horowitz, Ed. D and Golembeski, Ed. M. par 9).
During the second week, I selected to research the disability of speech or language impairment. This type or impairment is defined as a communication disorder that adversely affects the child’s ability to talk, understand, read, and write (Texas Council for Developmental Disabilities, 2013). In my district, we have a small percentage of students receiving special education services with this type of disability. According to Friend and Bursuck (2006), the prevalence of speech or language impairments among students receiving special education services is considered a high-incident disability and approximately twenty percent of children receiving special education services are receiving services for speech or language disorders. The impact of this disability on a person’s physical, mental, social and emotional abilities affects the learning of the students every day in the classroom (Friend & Bursuck, 2006).
The discussion heightened and we agreed that they were similarities between Intellectual Disability (ID) and Learning Disability (LD).We also know that there are differences. In short ID is an intellectual deficits and LD is an overarching condition that affects learning.
The National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (1998) have defined learning disabilities as a general term that refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical skills (IJCP, 2013). Learning is acquisition of new knowledge, skills or attitude. Children during their early years of development learn to understand the spoken language first and then learn to speak. Subsequently during the school years learn to read, write and do arithmetic according to their age and intellectual capacity. But some children may not be able to learn one or more of these skills as per their age and intellectual capacity (Dr.Shah & Dr. Bhat, 2007).
The Individuals with Disabilities Act, 2004 (IDEA), has 14 different categories of disabilities (IDEA Partnership, 2012). Students with disabilities can be placed into two more distinct groups which are high incidence disabilities or HID and low incidence disabilities or LID. IDEA defines low incidence disabilities as those students with visual, hearing or significant cognitive impairment (Outcome Data, 2006). These students need personal that are highly trained in specialized skill and knowledge to provide early interventions and education. Those with LID account for less than one percent of the school population (Outcome Data, 2006). Students that fall into this category are usually educated outside of the general education classroom for part of the school day.
Verma, P., 2008. Learning Disability. In: G. M. V. D. A. J. P. Komilla Thapa, ed. Perspectives on Learning Disabilties. New Delhi: Sage, pp. 160 -165.
The impact of having a learning disability are lifelong. A student with a learning disability may always need extra help to get through certain aspects of life after they graduate high school. If the student is going to college accommodations and specific learning strategies will need to be used to help them through their courses. Their personal lives may also be affected due to a learning disability. “For example, Johnson and Blalock found that, of the 93 adults studied in an LD clinic sample, 36% continued to receive counseling or psychotherapy for low self-esteem, social isolation, anxiety, depression, and frustration.” (1987) The difficulties associated with learning disabilities can affect them daily and their past experiences with it can follow them into adulthood and bring up unhappy memories of struggling with learning disabilities as a child.
specific learning disabilities in the United States of America. The Journal of International Association of Special Education, 10(1), 21-26.
National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities (1993). “General Information About Learning Disabilities.” NICHCY.