INTERVENTION PLAN FOR HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
Hypertension is considered a major public health challenge all over the world because of its high prevalence and its high risk of complications (Whelton et al, 1997). It is also recognised to be a universal risk factor for mortality and morbidity, and the most significant modifiable risk factor for renal failures, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and premature deaths (Ezzati et al, 2002). In the U.K, Hypertension is one of the most common conditions associated with heavy morbidity and substantial cost of healthcare (Faculty of Public Health, 2005). Therefore, there is a pressing need for intervention by prevention, early diagnosis, and control.
Figure 1: An epidemiological data showing the blood pressure reading by survey year for all adults in the U.K from 2003-2010 (Health Survey for England, 2011)
ALL ADULTS
(Blood Pressure reading by Omron values) SURVEY YEAR
2003
(%) 2004
(%) 2005
(%) 2006
(%) 2007
(%) 2008
(%)
2009
(%)
2010
(%)
Normotensive untreated 69.4 - 69.8 70.6 70.0 69.9 70.6 69.8
Hypertensive controlled 5.7 - 7.7 7.3 8.2 8.7 7.7 10.6
Hypertensive uncontrolled 7.0 - 7.5 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.6 7.1
Hypertensive untreated 17.9 - 15.0 15.3 15.3 14.7 15.0 12.5
All high blood pressure 30.6 - 30.2 29.4 30.0 30.1 29.4 30.2
Figure 2: Health Promotion Intervention Plan: Overview
1. Pre-planning & Project Management: This is the first stage of the plan which involves the allocation of roles to key stakeholders collaborating on decisions, data collection, and data analysis in the time frame and budget of the intervention. The key stakeholders are Public health advisors a...
... middle of paper ...
...ure 4: A worksheet template of Objectives and Indicators.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Health and Social Care Information Center :Blood pressure level using Omron values and 2003 definition, by survey year, age and sex; 2011
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3. McKenzie, J.F., and Smeltzer, J.L. Planning, Implementing and Evaluating Health PromotionPrograms: A Primer (second edition) Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997.
4. Metropolitan Toronto District Health Council Needs-Impact Based Planning Model Metro Toronto DHC, 1996
5. Visser SL. The soldier and autonomy. In: Beam TE, Spracino LR, eds. Military Medical Ethics. Vol. 1. Falls Church, VA: Office of the Surgeon General; 2003:251–66
6. World Health Organization Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion Geneva: WHO, 1986.
According to the CDC's Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, 1 on 3 American adults have high blood pressure. (Attention getter)
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has deemed hypertension or high blood pressure a global public health issue (World Health Organization, 2013). Not only does hypertension affect over 1 billion people worldwide but in the Unites States alone, about 76.4 million Americans over the age of 20, equating to about 1 in 3 adults, have hypertension (AHA, 2012). This growing health condition occurs when an individual’s blood pressure when the heart beats (systolic) is higher than 140 millimeter of mercury (mm Hg) and their blood pressure when the heart relaxes (diastolic) is 90 mm Hg or higher (AHA, 2012). The higher the blood pressure means more force is used to pump blood from the heart to arteries, which causes several health problems (AHA, 2012). For instance, the increased force stretches out blood vessels which may lead to tears and ruptures (AHA, 2012). This can also form blood clots that can stop blood from reaching other parts of the body which can cause other organs, specifically the heart, to become overworked (AHA, 2012). Unfortunately, hypertension is also known as a “silent killer” as it does not cause any symptoms (World Health Organization, 2013). If left untreated, hypertension can lead to cardiovascular disease and other fatal health consequences, such as heart attacks, strokes, and kidney failure (World Health Organization, 2013). In fact, the WHO estimates that hypertension accounts for 9.4 million deaths each year (World Health Organization, 2013).
Blood pressure is measured by two pressures; the systolic and diastolic. The systolic pressure, the top number, is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts. The diastolic pressure, the bottom number, measures the pressure between heartbeats. A normal blood pressure is when the systolic pressure is less than 120mmHg and Diastolic pressure is less than 80mmHg. Hypertension is diagnosed when the systolic pressure is greater than 140mmHg and the diastolic pressure is greater than 90mmHg. The physician may also ask about medical history, family history, life style habits, and medication use that could also contribute to hypertension
As early as the 1800s clinicians began to take a closer look at elevated blood pressure levels, they soon found high correlation between hypertension, stroke, and other heart diseases. They also established that high levels of blood pressure effected both privilege and underprivileged, and within the years they have noted the disease have become more prevalent in the African American culture. Long term studies, such as randomized controlled trial studies, unveiled
John Martin’s systolic blood pressure was recorded at 148 mm/Hg, a borderline high number. An optimal systolic blood pressure is 120 mm/Hg for adults. Currently, Mr. Martin is in the prehypertension stage, meaning that he is at risk for high blood pressure. If he doesn’t begin changing his ways now, high blood pressure will become inevitable. Many doctors say that a good way to lower blood pressure is to lose weight, exercise more, limit salt intake, limiting alcohol intake, not smoking, and taking
Pre-exercise: For this activity, each group member needed to be familiar with taking and reading another group member’s blood pressure. Many types of instruments exist for measurin...
Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood through your body. Hypertension is another term used to describe high blood pressure. This common condition increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death for Americans. High blood pressure contributed to more than 362,895 deaths in the United States during 2010. Approximately 67 million persons in the United States have high blood pressure, and only half of those have their condition under control. An estimated 46,000 deaths could be avoided annually if 70% of patients with high blood pressure were treated according to published guidelines (Patel, Datu, Roman, Barton, Ritchey, Wall, Loustalot; 2014).
Hypertension is a developing problem worldwide，associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In 2020, the world population will be approximately 7.8 billion people, and there will be 1 billon people who may be affected by hypertension (Tomson & Lip, 2005). One in three adults in the United States has high blood pressure. According to the report “Health, United States, 2010 with Special Feature on Death and Dying,” the prevalence of hypertension among adults 20 years old or older increased from 24% to 32% during 1988-1994 and 2005-2008. The African-American population has a higher prevalence of this health condition than white Americans do. In 2005 to 2008, the prevalence of hypertension among black males (41.4%) was more than 10%, compared to white males at 31.5% of the population. The hypertension rate of black females was more than twice that of white females. The death rate from hypertension among black males was 51.8 per 100,000, and among black females was 40.4 per 100,000; however, the morta...
Hypertension affects approximately 73 million Americans. It is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure is elevated. Hypertension, also called high blood pressure is often seen concurrent with diabetes mellitus. Many refer to hypertension as the “silent killer” because often time’s individuals are Asymptomatic. Ideally, blood pressure is expected to be less than 120mmHg systolic and 80mmHg diastolic. Hypertension is defined as sustained blood pressure of the arteries greater than or equal to 140/90mmHg. . Twenty nine percent of Mexican American men and thirty one percent of Mexican American women are living with hypertension. Mexican American hypertension levels are compatible to non-Hispanic whites; however, they are less likely to have their blood pressure treated or controlled compared to whites and African Americans. Hypertension increases the work load of the heart leading to other chronic disease processes, most commonly myocardial infarction often referred to as a heart attack. La...
WILLIAMS, P and POULTER NR et al (2004) Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society. British Hypertension Society, pp. 139-85
The causes of hypertension are unknown. However; hypertension can be classified into two categories primary and secondary. Primary (essential) hypertension is increas...
Latent diabetic vascular complications are a hallmark of the disease and known to significantly affect the cardiovascular and renal systems. Atherosclerosis is the main reason for decreased life expectancy in patients with diabetes, whereas diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy are the largest contributors to end-stage renal disease and blindness, respectively (37, 56). Current therapy is aimed at managing blood glucose concentrations and increasing insulin resistance. Thus, vascular complication mitigation includes: blood glucose monitoring and lowering, which decreases the risk of nephropathy and retinopathy. Antihypertensive medicine is also utilized to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, and retinopathy (15, 26). As well, hypertension is closely associated with stroke and pulmonary edema. Despite these advances, diabetes complications and their treatments are aimed at abating symptoms in an effort to improve physiological function.
Hypertension is diagnosed by measuring the blood pressure by a device known as the sphygmomanometer. Blood pressure is taken and presented by the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. The systolic and diastolic numbers will be recorded and compared to a chart of values. At the same time, doctor would also ask for patient’s family history of hypertension and the associated risk factors such as high cholesterol food intake.
Patients with less severe acute hypertension in which abrupt BP lowering is not necessary, oral anti-hypertensives may be used. [7]
Schnall, P., Landsbergis, P., Belkic, K., Warren, K., Schwartz, J., & Pickering, T. (1998). Findings In The Cornell University Ambulatory Blood Pressure Worksite Study: A Review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 697.