Captain Paul Watson once stated in his guide to environmental conservation, "Environmental activists may be a nuisance and a pain in the ass to the established authorities of the present. However, to the establishment of the future, we will be honored ancestors."(Watson, Earthforce) Today that very same man is on the run, hiding out in international waters, from the very same authorities he mentions. Captain Watson’s words could not be truer when it comes to the issues surrounding international commercial whaling. A once lucrative industry around the world, overfishing of the whale population globally has led to the near extinction of many species. Most of the earth's population does not even know about a war going on in the Southern Ocean. In fact, most may not even be able to point out the Southern Ocean on a map. The waters surrounding Antarctica, maybe the most treacherous in the world, are the hunting grounds for Japanese commercial whaling vessels, known as the Southern Ocean. Few venture into these waters, with even fewer coming out alive, but the whalers are not alone. Conservation groups make the trip south for the sole purpose of stopping the hunting of whales. There is one major problem when it comes to both groups clashing in these waters. Both claim to have the law on their side.
It was not until 1946 that fifteen nations around the globe came together to sign the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. A main goal of the convention was the formation of The International Whaling Commission, or IWC. The first major step in the whaling industry, The IWC was set up to provide proper conservation and regulation of whale stocks. Since that time the IWC has come a long way. With almost ninety nations now...
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Lieberman, Sarah, Tim Gray, and A. J. R. Groom. "Moratoria In International Politics: A Comparative Analysis Of The Moratoria On Genetically Modified Products And Commercial Whaling." British Journal Of Politics & International Relations 14.4 (2012): 518-533. Academic Search Premier. Web.
Hurd, Ian. "Almost Saving Whales: The Ambiguity of Success at the International Whaling Commission." Ethics & International Affairs 26.1 (2012): 103-12. ProQuest. Web.
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The most effective piece of this documentary, however, was neither the structure of the film nor the specific questions that one is forced to answer regarding the ethical treatment of these killer whales, but the overall questions of whether or not these corporations should be allowed to continue their cycle of abuse toward the animals and whether or not we, as patrons, should encourage their behavior by giving them a monetary profit every day, every month, and every year. Ignorance is forgivable, but with the knowledge given in this documentary: the final two questions raised should be able to answer themselves.
“An open letter to the public from the President of the Makah Whaling Commission.” www.Conbio.rice.edu/nae/docs/makaheditorial.html
The Sea Shepherds are group of volunteers who try to protect the sea animals, and capture criminals who kill the animals without permits. Their website has many purposes, one dedicate to collect donations from the reader. Furthermore, they want to protect the ocean wildlife. The website audience includes people who want to protect the ocean, and they want to save the sea animals which will likely be extinct. They offer the audience a chance to donate, volunteer, and stay up to date with ongoing issues involving marine life. This website is outstanding because the sea shepherds host a successful website that effectively reaches out to the audience through appealing to the reader's emotions, logic, and credibility.
"Pro and Con Captivity for Orcas in Sea World." Teen Ink. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. .
Bottlenose dolphins became part of a United States Navy program in 1959 for the purpose of conducting scientific research into their sonar and hydrodynamics in hopes of getting design ideas for submarines, ship hulls and weapons. It was discovered dolphins hear and navigate in the water by using their natural sonar, which happened to be more precise than most fabricated sonar systems. In the mid-sixties, Navy dolphins were used as mail carriers to underwater laboratories in their home of San Diego, California.
Flanagan, Thomas. "Native sovereignty: Does Anyone Really want an Aboriginal Archipelago?". In Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues, 3rd ed. ed. Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, 9-15. Toronto: Nelson, 1998.
With forty-three dead (Bekoff, 2013) and countless others living in torment, it’s a wonder that humans haven’t decided to free the orca whales that are held captive in amusement parks all over the world. Marine biologists, psychologists, and other specialists in the field are beginning to recognize a kind of psychosis (Bekoff, 2013) that sets in on the jailed cetaceans. With symptoms that mimic those of humans suffering from post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Bradshaw, 2010), there is no denying that these underwater inmates are sick. But instead of setting the innocent free, the people in positions of power, the ones who really have the ability to make a change in public opinion about cetaceans in captivity, are choosing profit over “vitality” (Clark, 2014). But not all cetaceans live lives of torment and torture. Cetaceans in the wild seem to combine intelligence and emotion, creating familial structures that endure over hundreds of years. Possibly more interesting than the psychological theory behind aggression in captive orca whales is theory behind healthy, wild orcas. The massive mammals, when living in the wild, exhibit behavior which proves their nickname as killers to be totally false. Cetaceans process and feel at a level close to that of humans.
Currently, live whale performances have become well liked for tourists to visit. When they are there, they only see what they want to see and do not care or want to know all about the complications the whales go through just to make people smile. The documentary “Blackfish” exposes the truth about the whales, their habits, and why they act the manner they do when in captivity. The inhumane treatment of whales in captivity causes negative effects on the animals which, in turn, affects the humans who care for them.
I agree with the Norwegian and Japanese positions on permitting the hunting of non-endangered species of whales as a cultural exemption. Both of these cultures have been whaling for thousands of years. One stipulation that I would add in order to qualify for a cultural exemption is that the hunting should take place in a historically accurate manner. For the Japanese, this would mean using nets to catch the whales.
The quest to gain international agreement on ethical and legal norms for regulation of whaling has had a long and troubled history. The modern phase of global concern over whaling ethics and conservationist management originated in 1946, when the International Convention on Regulation of Whaling was signed. Thus, the International Whaling Commission was created. The International Whaling Commission was designed to control and mandate the whaling industry. From it’s beginning as simply a whalers club with scientific guidance, to the current day conservationist body, the IWC has undergone many revisions and transformations since the start.
Francis, David R. “Communities of Killer Whales.” The Christian Science Monitor. National Newspapers Core, 15
Since the early days when Adam Smith coined the term “invisible hand of the market” in his magnum opus, The Wealth of Nations, it was typically believed among the general population that all goods can be distributed without any interference from the government. Contrary to the popular belief, however, this applies specifically to private goods, i.e. a type of good that is both rivalrous and excludable. It may seem that marine biodiversity is a type of public good, since they are in the vast ocean and everyone is entitled to their ownership. However, many marine biodiversity have tremendous economic values, and one person using it may constitute as another person not being able to use it. Thus, it is best described by the term “impure public goods”. Impure public goods, also known as “mixed public goods”, are “public goods whose benefits are particularly rival and/or partially excludable” and provides both private and public benefits. (Squires, Mixed Goods, 59) “International environmental public goods generate benefits that spill over national borders, so that the benefits (or costs) of those goods extend beyond the country of origin.” (Arriagada and Perrings, 800) Since many biodiversity, such as dolphins and coral reefs, are important to the public and yet could be exploited by citizen of any country, it is important for different countries’ governments to cooperate and conserve the marine biodiversity together. The conservation of marine biodiversity will depend on the externalities that are associated with impure public goods, and slo the technolog of public good supplies. We will also look at the incentives to conserve marine biodiversity in t...
For almost 400 years, whales have been chased to near extinction. Vessels have travelled the globe to find and extract precious oil and gather whale meat to eat. This has resulted in over 10,000 whales being executed since the moratorium in 1986. A moratorium is a delay or suspension of an activity or a law and in this case a suspension of whaling. Also a ...
Waples KA, Stagoll CS. Ethical issues in the release of animals from captivity. Roundtable. 1997; 115-120.
Bowermaster, Jon. Oceans: The Threats to Our Seas and What You Can Do to Turn the Tide: A Participant Media Guide. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. Print.