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introduction of international migration essay
global migration contemporary world
introduction of international migration essay
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INTRODUCTION
Under general terms, international migration represents any cross border movement by people from one country to another as a result of personal, economic and/or political motives. The personal motives for migration range from having better education opportunities to seeking a mild climate for a better life standard. The economic motives for international migration which especially gained speed after the Industrial Revolution are centred on finding jobs offering better wages and work conditions. The political motives for international migration due to increasing instabilities within nations have made migratory flows increase since the 20th century in which mankind happened to see the First and Second World Wars and many other regional clashes.
The purpose of this OIC Outlook is to depict the international migration in the OIC Member Countries. The presentation is based on the data from the World Development Indicators (WDI) Database and “Migration and Remittances Factbook 2008” of the World Bank, and OECD.Stat Extracts.
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STOCK
In 2005, the total international migration stock (IMS) reached approximately 195 million people from 84 million in 1970, representing an increase of about 131%. While the OIC Member Countries as a group accounted for 19% of the total IMS in 1970, this share in 2005 was 23%, equivalent to a 4-percentage-point growth from 1970. The OIC IMS as a proportion of the Developing Countries IMS recorded a 13-percentage-point growth from nearly 35% in 1970 to 48% in 2005. The Developing and Developed Countries IMS relative to the total IMS was 54% and 46% in 1970 versus 48% to 52% in 2005, respectively. While the Developing Countries IMS in the total IMS decreased by 6 percentage...
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...h Africa, Europe and Central Asia, and South Asia with 6.14, 2.95 and 0.94 percentage point falls respectively; the ratio increase in the OIC Member Countries in East Asia and the Pacific as a group was 1.12 percentage points from 1995 to 2005 (Figure 9).
Figure 9: Refugee Population by Country/Territory of Asylum as a % of International Migration Stock in the OIC Member Countries per Geographic Regions, 1995 vs. 2005
Source: World Bank, WDI Online
Works Cited
1. World Bank, World Development Indicators Database,
http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/member.do?method=getMembers&userid=1&queryId=6
2. Migration and Remittances Factbook 2008, World Bank, 2008
3. OECD, OECD.Stats Extracts, http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx
4. UNHCR, http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c125.html
5. http://actrav.itcilo.org/actrav-english/telearn/global/ilo/seura/migworld.htm
Firstly to justify why countries limit their immigrations, there should be knowledge of the different types of immigrants as there are different reasons to leave from one country and move into another. In the last 30 years, the number of international immigrants has been estimated 191 million worldwide, two times as before. As ...
Gozdziak, E.M. and E, C. 2005. A Review Of Literature. International Migration. [online] Available at: EBSCOhost [Accessed: 20 Nov 2013].
Immigration has undergone much change since the 20th century. However, a lot of the motives behind immigration and adaptation to a new culture and way of life have remained the same.
...dward Taylor. “Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium”. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.print
...urage emigration to ease ethnic conflict, or to establish presence in another country, by resettling particular ethnic groups voluntarily or involuntarily. In addition, wide ranges of political reasons are arrayed with the term ‘immigration.’ People immigrate to maintain a global presence amongst various countries. Moreover, few think that they are not faced with ample political freedom, so they immigrate to other countries in search of the same. Some change their citizenship to gain a new identity, some to get political rights and others for a better living ambiance.
DeParle, J. (2010, June 25). Global Migration: A World Ever More on the Move. The New
—. The State of the Worlds Refugees (1997-1998): A Humanitarian Agenda. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Immigration is the process by which people move from their countries of origin and settle in new countries either as citizens or permanent residents. Most migration occurs from less developed or unstable nations to developed or stable countries. Individuals immigrate for a variety of reasons: for better economic opportunities in the new states, to be closer to friends and family, to escape political persecution and unrest.
Graeme, H. (1996). Environmental concerns and international migration. The International Migration Review, 30(1), 105. Retrieved July 7, 2010, from Academic Research Library.
The general causes of migration are poverty, unemployment, economic stagnation and overpopulation. Accepting immigrants has become a humane cause along with foreign investment in these poor countries with the hope that less people will have to migrate. U.S. investment in the global economy has had the reverse affect though, encouraging people to move along with the flow of capital, goods, and services. Saskia Sassen’s article, Why Migration, points out that the “open nature of the U.S. labor market, epitomized by the notion that government should stay out of the marketplace, provides a necessary condition for immigration to occur.”(Why Migration, p.15). The new immigrants from Asian and Caribbean countries have different reasons for migrating. Many of these new migrants do not come from poor countries as previously thought. Many migrant-sending countries had been experiencing increasing economic growth. South Korea had one of the highest gross national products in the 1970's and also was sending a record amount of migrants to the U.S. at the time. These people were migrating towards the promise of freedom and prosperity. In the 1980's the U.N. reported that the U.S. was receiving 19% of all global emigration.(Why Migration, p.15). The U.S.’ foreign investment in export production has disturbed the traditional systems of many countries, displacing subsistence farmers so that commercial agriculture can thrive and produce more exports. Sassen says that the results are that “people first uprooted from traditional ways of life, then left unemployed and unemployable as export firms hire younger workers or move production to other countries, may see few options but emigration.”(Why Migration, p.17). Another cause for migration to the U.S. was the attractive prospect of an abundance of low wage jobs which U.S. citizens were not very interested in. Even educated and skilled immigrants have filled these low wage jobs when they first get to the U.S. These immigrants provide crucial and necessary services for the U.S. citizens and therefore should be welcomed by everyone.
Immigrants moved from one country to another would have effective physical and intangible resources in form of skills, knowledge, expertise and experience. It is also important to reveal that persons who have optimum resources move from one country to another country so they have strong financial position to live in foreign countries. It is realized the immigration has positive impact on foreign countries because immigrants provide best services for economy growth. Migration would have effective platform to contribute for success of economy if resources have been utilized effectively and efficiently with aim to contribute for economic growth. Australia has implemented effective migration policy to encourage the foreigners to move from their country to Australia. The pointy system under this policy has four categories to evaluate the foreigners to know about capability for getting migration visa.
United Nations Population Division. “Replacement Migration: Is It a Solution to Declining and Ageing Populations?” United Nation. 20 Mar. 2000. Web. 6 Jun. 2010.
Migration have tendency to grow, so the numbers of migrants keep increasing whit every year. Almost a half of the migrants are women. Migrations can be examined from to aspects- it promotes people developments and it can also disturb developments. Migrations for some people are only chance to fulfill their dreams and escape their lives, but for others migration can make their lives more miserable than they were before. Gender talking about migration is essential element, because it shows why people migrate and what their destinations are. The main areas from which people migrate are Africa, China, Philippines, and India. Migration can be external or internal. Everything that is around us- actions and other people that make society where we live in, can impact decision of people to migrate to other places.
Tricia Hepner a University of Tennessee professor of anthrophony begin the talk and she said this “Refugees and asylum seekers from Eritrea is quite visible, Eritrean refugees are camped in various locations and then later moved to the United States.”
People have always been on the move, but the pattern has been changing. International immigration is not just a twentieth century phenomenon, but was there as early as human existence, and has been more visible and more developed as the capitalism and colonialism expanded throughout the globe. However, large-scale international migration began after World War II, especially during the rapid development of globalization in the 19th century. The International Migration Report 2013 estimated that the global international migrants have reached to 232 million, which is 50 per cent increase since 1990s. According to the report, of the 77 million net international migrants worldwide between 1990 and 2013, 69 per cent international migrants choose