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Propaganda
Importance of American culture
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International Communication
In approaching persuasive communication, Stevenson delves first into the idea of propaganda and what that means in the context of international relations and the way nations promote their views abroad. As he points out, even though the word takes on a certain nefarious and deceitful character, it is still little more than an effort at persuasion no matter which moniker is chosen (346-7). From here, Stevenson goes on to describe public diplomacy, that is the efforts of countries to influence other peoples by various means. In particular, he focuses on the activities of the United States Information Agency, an arm of the government developed after the start of the Cold War whose most notable activity was that of promoting a US view and ideal of the world in the face of the continued Soviet communist presence, certainly a role of propaganda (347-350). Though the organization has grown into a much larger cultural representative of the US and provider of information from foreign countries for the US government, this was its original role.
But the idea of a propaganda arm coming from a country who prides itself on freedom and its advancement in the world seems strange since it would go against that very ideals of freedom, as Shawn J. Parry-Giles points out. In his article, he illustrates how the notion of propaganda was adjusted so as to serve the foreign policy goals of the US under the Truman and Eisenhower administrations, and how the two administrations differed in their approach to using propaganda when the concept itself conflicts with US conceptions of democracy (117). Parry-Giles quotes Jacques Ellul in summarizing this tension between propaganda and democracy: "...it is evident that a ...
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...his way it could distinguish its real actions and ideological positions and hide what Parry-Giles calls "the rhetorical paradox of a democratic government engaging in the restriction of free flowing information and the subterfuge of rational thought" (127).'
It is this dichotomy between ideology and action that has always been a characteristic of US foreign policy, but one particularly evident for the duration of the Cold War in its effort to stamp out what was perceived as the threat of Soviet Communism.
Works Cited:
Parry-Giles, Shawn J. "The Rhetorical Tension Between Propaganda and Democracy: Blending Competing Conceptions of Ideology and Theory." Communications Studies 44 (1993): 117-130.
Stevenson, Robert L. Global Communication in the Twenty-First Century. "Persuasive Communnication." 343-368. White Plains, NY: Longman, 1992
Lori Clune, in Executing the Rosenbergs: Death and Diplomacy in a Cold War World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), effectively argues that the role of America to prove that it is an anti-communist country during the Cold War pushed the country to its limits when it comes to the potential propaganda opportunities. As well as the cause and effect of executing the Rosenbergs, an American Jewish family, convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage for the Soviet Union, which resulted in a detrimental image that led to consequences for the United States on the international stage.
Susan Brewer brilliantly illustrates the historical facts of American government propagating violence. Scrutinizing the Philippine War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Iraq War the reader discovers an eerily Orwellian government manipulating her citizens instead of educating them. Brewer states, a "propaganda campaign seeks to disguise a paradoxical message: war is not a time for citizens to have an informed debate and make up their own minds even as they fight in the name of freedom to do just that." pg. 7 The Presidents of the United States and their administrations use propaganda, generation, after generation to enter into foreign wars for profit by manipulating the truth, which it is unnecessary for our government to do to her people.
The pattern of US action was impressively consistent. Washington’s perception of “communist” dangers and tendencies rested upon exceedingly broad, loose, and often-irresponsible criteria. Most so called “communists” were civilian reformers, more akin to European social democrat than to Soviet KGB operatives. More over, even those who declared opposition to the United States did so only after Washington adopted blatantly hostile policies. Much of what happened was the result of exaggeration, misperception, and misunderstanding between countries.
Offner, Arnold. “‘Another Such Victory’: President Truman, American Foreign Policy, and the Cold War.” Taking Sides: Clashing Views On Controversial Issues in United States History. Ed. Larry Madaras and James M. SoRelle. 14th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. 291-301.
On March 12, 1947, President Harry S. Truman defined United States foreign policy in the context of its new role as a world superpower. Many historians consider his speech to Congress as the words that officially started the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine was a major break from U.S. historical trends of isolationist foreign policy. His speech led to the Cold War policy of containment. Moreover, it served as a precedent for future U.S. policy of interventionism. According to Stephen Ambrose, an important quote from Truman’s speech, "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures," stands as "all encompassing" and would "define American policy for the next generation and beyond."1 Faced with strong opposition, Truman was still able to achieve a consensus in Congress aimed at quelling the communist threat through active foreign policy and involvement. The Truman Doctrine not only demonstrated the new foreign policy of the U.S., but also helps to explain American foreign policy since the Doctrine’s inception.
‘’Propaganda does not deceive people; it merely helps them to deceive themselves.’’ (Eric Hoffer). Propaganda is a broad approach to persuasion for something or against something. Every day you are exposed to some piece of propaganda, it could be an advertisement, or something you heard on the news, or maybe something you saw on Facebook. Another way countries around the world use propaganda is in wartime. The usage of propaganda for wartime isn’t necessary because it leads to prejudice, distrust, and hostility.
During the Cold War the US did many things to try to benefit our country and to win the war. They wanted to stop the spread of communism because it was a major threat to the safety of our country and others. The foreign policy has proven to be effective in documents A,C and D, by containing communism, settling the cuban missile crisis, and by removing troops from vietnam during the war.
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, anti-communist ideologies were established to “fight” communism, influencing the values of Americans. Governments and security institutions acted upon the fear that the United States was in external danger from the Soviet Communism and contributed to the process of secularization. Increasingly, societal roles and functions began to dominate in order to attain the proper functioning of American society. The main leaders of American schools, newspapers, and organizations would attempt to lead society toward the “right” capitalistic direction (Herzog, 136). Through forms of media, such as Bishop J. Sheen’s nationwide radio broadcast, popular and influential individuals brought upon perceptions that the Soviets represented the new postwar threat and a degeneration of Western society. Television was beginning to alte...
Since the Russian Revolution in 1905, the world housed suspicions regarding communism. These suspicions grew through both World War I, blossoming into a direct confrontation between Communist Russia and Capitalist America. Following the acts of World War II, the Cold War erupted. During the Cold War, United States foreign policy grew gradually aggressive, reflecting the public sentiment.
The power of persuasion today is often relied on to control or influence someone. The power of persuasion can be both vigorous and inferior. As someone gains influences they draw others to follow them. Persuasion is enacted in our society through our economy, Sports, politics and social media. People persuade others to get what they want, or people persuade other people to influence or give someone different benefits for example, someone with charism doesn’t try to persuade someone but by their actions and the way they interact with someone allows others to follow them. In 1954 the civil rights movement was a persuasion for African Americans to be treated equal around the world.
Global Communications Case Analysis Task A: Problem/Opportunity Statement. Instructions for Task A: In the Response row, write out the problem/opportunity statements for the scenario for each of the team members. Response to Task A: Global Communications can find a way to increase stockholder value, cut costs and improve profitability by making appropriate organizational adjustments. To continue to be an industry leader, Global Communications needs to develop a new strategic plan focusing on all persons who have a stake in the corporation, including shareholders and employees.
Throughout history, some of the most radical minds have equated democracy to anarchy, arguing a government by the people is no government at all (Jones). There have been a variety of different perceptions and functions of the word democracy over time, yet the word seemingly has only one official meaning. Properly, democracy can be simply defined as a system of government ruled by the people (“democracy, n”). Nevertheless, the numerous perspectives, connotations, and adaptations in regards to democracy’s meaning over time have assisted in transforming the definition of the word into what it’s known as today. To many, democracy is an irreducible concept; however, it continues to be interpreted in an array of methods, ranging from various forms
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Online at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda . Consulted on Monday, March 29, 2004
When one looks at cross-cultural communication in the organization one has to look at many deciding factors. Cross-cultural communication is also known as “Intercultural Communication” (Afghari, A., & Pourakbari, A. A. 2015 p. 37). When one looks at any organization one would see where cross-cultural communication plays a part. Cross-cultural communication in an organizations are growing. It is a part of our world whether we like it or not. They have different ethical beliefs. Whether we like it or not what seems to be the norm to use will not be the norm to someone else. Business have to understand that when they bring different cultures together they might have issues of ethnic as well. An article written by Kuntz and others said
Global leadership is more effective when organizations have a clear understanding of cultural differences. The differences in the culture create a different work environment and that is true all over the world. Moreover, the study of cultural differences helps organizations to better understand and prepared to take on the challenges of a diverse workforce, foreign and domestic (Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J., & Minkov, 2010). Every culture and every country will most likely have their own means of achieving success in global management; identifying what drives a culture to succeed, then, is paramount. According to Hofstede (1980), culture is the collective mental programming of people. Therefore, organizations