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Research Methodology for Health and Social Care
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AIMS
The principle goal of this study is to assess the feasibility of recruitment and adherence to an evidence-based, eight-session meditation program based on Dr. Lynn Waelde’s Inner Resources for Stress Relief for a community health clinic for adults with chronic pain, and to develop initial estimates of treatment effects of measures of pain and physical functioning.
Based on literature review, we hypothesize that Inner Resources will teach chronic pain patients to identify thoughts and feelings that may exacerbate physical pain and to consciously let go of these thoughts and feelings, and breathing exercises that may help with relaxation, reduction of physical pain and improved functioning. We predict that adherence rate will be approximately 70% and that patient satisfaction with the program will be high. The significance of this study is in its potential to develop an effective adjunctive, mind-body treatment for chronic pain patients in a community health setting for chronic pain patients who would normally only receive one modality of treatment for pain (such as medication only).
BACKGROUND
A need for community and evidence based mind-body interventions:
According to the American Pain Society (APS), pain is the most common reason for which people seek health care; an estimated 9 in 10 Americans suffer regularly from pain and at some point in their lives. Chronic pain is a public health issue that often is undertreated, which has many implications for patients suffering from chronic pain. For instance, patients suffering from chronic pain often experience impairments in daily activities, a diminished quality of life, increased care costs, and other significant physical, psychological, and financial problems (Natio...
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... use in older Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc, 48, 1560-1565.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 33-47.
National Pharmaceutical Council (NPC) & Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). (2001). Pain: Current understanding of assessment, management, and treatments. [Monograph] Retrieved on January 3, 2006, from http://www.jcaho.org/news+room/health+care+issues/pain_mono_npc.pdf
Waelde, L.C. (2006). Inner Resources: A psychotherapeutic program of meditation. The California Psychologist.
Waelde, L.C., Thompson, L., & Gallagher-Thompson, D. (2004. A pilot study of a yoga and meditation intervention for caregiver stress. J Clin Psychol, 60, 677-687.
Management of pain is very important when it comes to palliative care patients, considering that 55-95% of this patient population requires analgesia for pain relief (Creedon & O’Regan, 2010, p. [ 257]). But what is considered pain management? And why does pain continue to be inadequately treated? According to the article on chronic non-cancer pain in older people: evidence for prescribing, in the past few decades significant improvements have been made to the management of pain in palliative care. However, it is universally acknowledged that pain on a global scale remains inadequately treated because of cultural, attitudinal, educational, legal, and systemic reasons (Creedon & O’Regan, 2010, p. ...
Phillips, C. (2009). The Cost and Burden of Chronic Pain. British Journal of Pain, 3(1),
King, B., Nash, M., Spiegel, D., & Jobson, K. (2001). Hypnosis as an intervention in pain management. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 5(2), 97-101.
Pain is not always curable but effects the life of millions of people. This essay examines the Essence of Care 2010: Benchmarks for the Prevention and Management of Pain (DH, 2010). Particularly reflecting on a practical working knowledge of its implementation and its relevance to nursing practice. It is part of the wider ranging Essence of Care policy, that includes all the latest benchmarks developed since it was first launched in 2001.
" Chronic Pain (CP) statistics astounding according to The Institute of medicine approximately 100 million adults suffer from chronic pain which is more than heart disease, diabetes, and cancer combined."(IOM Relieving Pain in America 2011, p. 1)
Assessing and managing pain is an inevitable part of nursing and the care of patients. Incomplete relief of pain remains prevalent despite years of research due to barriers such as lack of kn...
chronic pain could be handled at the bedside with no need to await a doctor's
on Pain Care will evaluate the adequacy of pain assessment, treatment, and management; identify and
Smeeding, Sandra J.W., et al. "Outcome Evaluation of the Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Integrative Health Clinic for Chronic Pain and Stress-Related Depression, Anxiety, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Journal of Alternative and Compementary Medicine 16.8 08 11 2010. 823 - 825. Ebsco Host. Web. 12 Apr 2011.
Conclusions. An adequate and clear understanding of the concept of pain and implementing interventions of pain treatment and management is essential in the clinical settings. Understanding the concept of pain is necessary for its relationships with other concepts that are related and similar to the pain experience for theory building. The in the end, understanding the concept of pain will ultimately benefit the patient and lead to better and approp...
Pain, which is defined in its widest sense as an emotion which is the opposite of pleasure (White, 2004, p.455), is one of the major symptoms of cancer, affecting a majority of sufferers at some point during their condition (De Conno & Caraceni, 1996, p.8). The World Health Organization (WHO, 2009, online) suggests that relief from pain may be achieved in more than 90 percent of patients; however, Fitzgibbon and Loeser (2010, p.190) stress that pain may often be undertreated, even in the UK. Foley and Abernathy (2008, p.2759) identify numerous barriers to effective pain management, among which are professional barriers such as inadequate knowledge of pain mechanisms, assessment and management strategies.
Most of the time when going to the doctor’s office they will prescribe a prescription drug to the patient to help manage their pain. This pain can be described as a “sensation of physical or mental suffering or hurt that usually causes distress or agony to the one experiencing it.” (Taylor, Lillis, LeMone, and Lynn, 2011) However, there are some instances where medication may not be enough for some patients; they may require more relief than what a prescription drug can offer. This is why many patients may benefit from complementary and alternative therapies (CAT). These types of interventions are “complementary therapies (they can be used with traditional medical interventions and thus complement them).” (Taylor et al., 2011)
Marion Good, PhD, RN, has focused her study, “A Middle-Range Theory of Acute pain Management: Use in Research,” on complementary medicine for pain and stress, acute pain, and stress immunity. The purpose of this theory is to put into practice guidelines for pain management. Good, 1998, noted the need for a balance between medication usage and side effects of pain medications. The theory also promoted patient education related to pain management following surgery and encouraged plan development for acceptable levels of pain management. This theory was developed through deductive reasoning. Chinn & Kramer, 2008, defined deductive reasoning as going from a general concept to a more specific concept. Good, 1998, related that there was a balance between analgesia and side effects in which two outcomes can be deduced: (1) a decrease in pain, and (2) a decrease in side effects. These outcomes can be studied further or more detailed concepts can be deduced from them.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). (2010). Health info. Meditation: An introduction. Retrieved from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/meditation/overview.htm
In the past two decades, many philosophers, spiritual leaders, and psychological transitions have accentuated the importance of the quality of consciousness for the maintenance and enhancement of well-being. One of the characteristics of consciousness that has been discussed in relation to well-being is mindfulness. In concentration with the psychology discipline, mindfulness meditation practices have been increasingly used to treat a majority of pain, stress and anxiety-related conditions and also, increasing well-being. The ideology of mindfulness meditation has core roots in Buddhist philosophy and other pensive traditions where awareness and conscious attention are actively cultured (Brown, Kirk Warren,2003).