Zoonosis are infectious diseases that have been transmitted between animals and humans or in its advanced stage from human to human. It also can be transmitted from human to animal, when that happens it is called reverse zoonosis. Emerging zoonosis are infectious diseases that are newly recognized or newly evolved while re-emergence zoonosis have occurred previously but have more recently shown an increase in incidence or expansion into a new geographic, host or vector range. The concept of ‘emerging zoonotic diseases’ developed as health scientists documented and tried to explain the apparent abrupt rise in the number of new and important infectious diseases over the past two decades (Bengis et al., 2004). Zoonosis are vastly transmitted through wild life to domestic animals and livestock and it can be transmitted in different ways: 1)Viral, where some of the most known are: HIV, Ebola virus, Hantavirus, Rabies, Hendra virus, Nipah virus, Menangle virus infection, West Nile virus infection, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Avian influenza and Monkeypoxvirus infection. 2) Bacterial: Lyme borreliosis, Ehrlichiosis, Bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis), Brucella spp., Tularemia, Plague and Leptospirosis. 3) Parasite: Cysticercosis/Taeniasis, Rematodosis, Echinococcosis/Hydatidosis, Toxoplasmosis and Trichinellosis. 4) Fungi: Dermatophytoses and Sporotrichosis.
Zoonosis has been an unknown threat to human kind since the ancient times when sanitation was not a concern, and the consumption of bushmeat was largely spread. Zoonosis infection diseases started to become a real problem in society when agriculture started. Since people used to live in small groups and rarely have contact with different tribes. It all changed when pla...
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...ic disease (Leeflang et al., 2008).
Zoonotic infection diseases have always been a threat to world population, either animal or human. When it is not deadly it causes severe lesions usually costing high amounts to society. While some countries are handling zoonotic diseases pretty well, some (specially developing countries) are struggling with it. Even though no nation is a 100% safe from emerging and re-emerging zoonoses with all the different forms existing that acts differently in different locations. Zoonotic diseases was always around human kind, but with observations, research and studies for new emerging and re-emerging pathogens it has drastically improved in the past 20 years. The best way to still prevent it is high hygiene habits, early diagnoses with technical progress in diagnose it and also a cooperation between countries for a better world solution.
Many of these diseases originate from animal populations. Humans’ interaction with the environment, and animals contribute to the rate and prevalence of disease. All three areas are interconnected. One Health is a concept that views human, animal, and environmental health as one area of health. The three entities, when separated can hinder each other and delay progress. The opposite is also true. When public health officials recognize the correlation between human, animal, and environmental health, advancements and innovation can occur. Other public health issues are present in relation to spread of infectious disease between humans and animals. People must know how to cook animal products in order to kill pathogens. Many diseases are also transferred when humans disrupt ecosystems. These are areas where public health has the opportunity to make progress. The issues that infectious diseases cause occur across the globe. In addition, One Health concepts can be applied to populations all over the
is spread to humans by fleas from infected rodents. In the 1300s, fourth of the population
"Ecology and Transmission." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 13 June 2012. Web. 01 May 2014. .
Today there are many infectious diseases around the world. An infectious disease is defined as an infection which can be caused by the entrance, development and manipulation of microorganisms in the body. Infections are classified as emerging and re-emerging. An emerging disease is a disease that has appeared in a population for the first time, or that it may have happened previously but is rapidly increasing in incident or geographic range. Whereas a re-emerging disease is a disease that has been present at a location in the past and was considered eradicated or controlled. Some emerging and re-emerging disease present today and in the past are, HIV and Aids, Ebola, Hendra Virus as emerging diseases and Malaria, Tuberculosis, and Cholera as re-emerging diseases. In this report the re-emerging disease ‘Poliomyelitis’ will be thoroughly investigated and from reliable research, the effectiveness of the management to prevent this disease in the world will be evaluated. Poliomyelitis, often called ‘polio’ or ‘infantile paralysis’ is an infectious disease caused by a virus. This dangerous infectious disease has been eradicated around the world except for three countries, Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Dian Fossey was so driven to protect mountain gorillas because they are an endangered species. Several threats have kept their population from thriving. One threat is disease, especially those which humans are equally as vulnerable to (Ferber, 2000). Tourists enjoy visiting the mountains of Rwanda to admire the gorillas and encourage their safety; however, humans help put mountain gorillas at risk. In 1999, a team of researchers with the Journal of Parasitology noted roundworm parasites in the feces of mountain gorillas (Ferber, 2000). These parasites normally have affected only humans through contaminated water. Early, in 1988, blood and tissue samples of several mountain gorillas indicated measles infection (Ferber, 2000).
There are different species of trichinella that can cause human disease, which has much disturbance worldwide. There are several species of trichinella that have been discovered. They include T. pseudospiralis (mammals and birds worldwide), T. nelsoni (African predators and scavengers), T. native (Artic bears), and T. britovi (carnivores of western Asia and Europe) (CDC, 2012). In the United States, there are less cases reported now than in the past. In the 1940’s, the United States Public Health Services began tracking the number of trichinellosis cases. There were 400 cases in the United States each year on average (CDC, 1997-2001). From 2008 to 2010, 20 cases were reported each year on average (CDC, 2012).
Dr. Dave Hone (2014) proudly honors the title of being in the pro-zoo camp. Hone was a volunteer for a number of years at two different zoos and is able to identify zoos as being more than just a collection of animals (Hone, 2014, para. 2) He firsthand witnessed the importance of how conservation assists with preventing species from going extinct, the role education plays to inform many children and adults along with the guidance research shares to help better understand wildlife (Hone, 2014). In order to ensure that wild animals receive maximum care it is crucial to gain beneficial knowledge from research. In addition to understanding animal breeding through research, zoo officials are able to learn how to prevent and cure a variety of animal diseases. Education is another positive resource that zoos have to offer. There is always the option to learn about wild animals through animal documentaries, however many people enjoy a prominent up-close personal
The human population has a high susceptibility to the contraction of new diseases and outbreaks of these diseases are of high risk. Diseases in recent times that have broken out into the human population are the H7N9 flu strain and SARS. Despite the risk, outbreaks like H7N9 and SARS have been controlled due to epidemiology and other disease control methods. Outbreaks of disease are not uncommon to the human population as they move to new areas around the world with foreign diseases that the native residents would have developed a resistance to.
Wear gloves and proper cloths if handling the infected animals to prevent the direct contact.
This extremely pathogenic zoonotic virus is now understood to travel from bat species, to equine intermediate hosts, to humans.[8, 10] The Hendra virus is listed as a Bio-Safety Level (BSL)-4, and can only be studied at a few adequately equipped laboratories worldwide due to its virulence.[1, 2] Case fatality rates
According to the website, “Captive Animals Protection Society” which is an organization that conducts investigations to expose animal suffering and educates people on the well being of animals. “Big cats, have 18,000 times less space in zoo’s then they do in the wild. For polar bears they have 1 million times less space in zoo’s then they do in the wild.
There are thing that make people more susceptible to contracting zoonotic diseases. Either it’s knowingly or unknowingly, humans are prone to the dangers of being direct targets of zoonotic diseases. Zoonotic diseases are transmittable in various ways weather through ingestion or direct contact. There are countless numbers of zoonotic diseases some more commonly known than others but all equally important. Preventing the contraction or spread of zoonotic diseases is easily manageable with medication and vaccines along with following small tips that not only protect humans but the animal population as well.
Zinsstag J, Schelling E, Roth F, Bonfoh B, de SD, et al. Human benefits of animal interventions for zoonosis control. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:527–531
Robert May. “Plagues and People.” IUBMB Life. Vol. 58 Issue 3 (2006). . 120. http://login.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=20856641&site=ehost-live.
The zoo is an unnatural environment that exposes animals to numerous dangers. Diseases often spread between species that would never live together naturally. For example, many Asian elephants have died in US zoos after catching herpes from African elephants. Furthermore, zoo animals are often exposed to chemicals, solvents and other toxic substances. Finally, it is common for visitors to tease and provoke caged animals.