User According to the innovation based research, has been found to play a significant role in determining the success of new product research (O'heocha and Conboy, 2010). Users and consumers have been believed to play an overriding role in innovation process across wide range of industries. Literature has highlighted the varying role of user involvement related to different sectors. Slow moving sectors involve a great user involvement contrary to the high paced technological industry. Innovation has been viewed as a coupling process which is initiated by the minds of imaginative people. However, critiques have argued the usefulness of the user involvement in the process of product development (Woolgar, 1991). One of a common techniques that is deployed by manufacturing firm for outsourcing their product development is crowdsourcing (Kleemann et al., 2008), which can lead to the way organizations use the innovation of the users. Conflict of intellectual property right for new developed product is largely identified as an issue both for the manufacturing firms and users. Additionally, increased costs and lack of trust puts the quality of end product at risk, which is a by-product of crowdsourcing (Hautz et al., 2010).
This essay focuses on the increased involvement of the end user in innovation process. The second section of the essay highlights the available literature on the very notion of early involvement of users as a positive driver of successful production innovation. The second part also highlights a contrary view of user involvement, which is linked to uselessness of user input in the process of innovation. This essay concludes that managers of manufacturing firms needs to take a holistic view of user involvement in innova...
... middle of paper ...
...3-45.
Malerba, F., Nelson, R., Orsenigo, L. & Winter, S. 2007. Demand, innovation, and the dynamics of market structure: The role of experimental users and diverse preferences. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17, 371-399.
O'heocha, C. & Conboy, K. 2010. The role of the user story agile practice in innovation. In: ABRAHAMSSON, P. & OZA, N. (eds.) Lean enterprise software and systems.
Rothwell, R. 1994. Issues in user producer relations in the innovation process - the role of government. International Journal of Technology Management, 9, 629-649.
Smits, R. E. H. M. & Boon, W. P. C. 2008. The role of users in innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Drug Discovery Today, 13, 353-359.
Woolgar, S. 1991. Configuring the user: The case of usability trials. In: LAW, J. (ed.) A sociology of monsters: Essays on power, technology, and domination. London: Routledge.
Auton, Frank. “Opinion: The Case for Advertising Pharmaceuticals Directly to Consumers”. Future Medicinal Chemistry. July 2009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Auton%20F%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21426028. Web. 20 April 2014.
Glader, M. (2006). Innovation markets and competition analysis: EU competition law and US antitrust law. Camberley, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Lehman, Bruce. 2003. “The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Patent System”. International Intellectual Property Institute. Pages 1-14.
The time and cost it takes to put a drug through the trials as well as the FDA’s regulations make the rarely successful process a huge commitment for these drug companies. Next, the author compares the cost of drugs to the amount of lawsuits the companies receive. There are many risks to mass-producing drugs and with the FDA siding with Public Safety, the author states that drug companies can lose a lot of money. This is because the FDA is not willing to take any risks in approving drugs due to the repercussions being so severe, The final idea the author discusses is the process of research itself. The drug companies revenue is put towards developing new drugs that will help the public. This can be a very costly process which is why a lot of money is needed to support the research. Epstein’s purpose in writing this article is to defend the rising costs of pharmaceutical drugs in order to get people to understand the drug companies point of view and contributions to society. This article can be considered credible because it comes from Opposing Viewpoints in Context. This is a very reliable database for gathering
Utterback, A. M. (1996). Mastering the dynamics of innovation. United States of American: Harvard Business Press
Paragon Biosciences has been at the forefront of aiding the creation of new innovative pharmaceutical companies since the first day it was founded. The highly successful business strategy that Paragon Biosciences duplicates
For a drug to get to market it must go through several stages of research and development (Abbott and Vernon). Starting with discovery research, preclinical testing on animals, three phases of clinical trials on humans, and finally FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approval (Abbott and Vernon). Out of several thousands of drugs only a few will make it to the FDA approval stage (Abbott and Vernon). Testing is a highly regulated, time consuming, and expensive process. From beginning to end the process can take fifteen years and less than one of five compounds will make it to market where it is still not guaranteed to succeed (Abbott and
Pharmaceutical innovation is a crucial element of the public health care system. Studies show that 60% HCRs are highly influenced by unique drugs and are more likely to prescribe them to the patients, regardless the cost or expense. So, pharmaceutical innovation is a key driving factor of prescription rates. There is also a wide range of key factors that determine the uptake of the new drug by HCRs. These key factors are important because:
Stan Frinkelstein and Peter Temin believes that one solution is to eliminate the link between drug prices and drug discovery. This will help ease the fear of losing research funding for new medicine and by doing so, drug prices should be a lot more reasonable. The next solution they have is to undo the blockbuster mentality and this is closely linked to eliminating the link between drug prices and drug discovery. Blockbuster refers to pharmaceutical companies that achieve an annual worldwide sale of $1 billion or more. They can achieve this because the drugs are used by many patients and/or used for a long period of time. This will solve the drug price crisis because by doing so, researchers can focus more on society’s needs instead of focusing on how to generate more revenue. Their solutions will help researchers develop drugs that society truly
...f five people to generated new product ideas, among other tasks. One of their roles is to assist business units within 3M to generate new product ideas. They accomplish this by drawing up a plan to create ideas for products that will be marketable ten years in future. Once they have that plan in mind, they backtrack to the present year with new product ideas that are possible with today's technology. They then predict which additional products will be added year by year that will build upon each year's new technological advances to achieve their tenth year vision.
The proportion of expenditure needed for a pharmaceutical company to produce a new drug to the market blocks all the companies except for the larger firms. Further more, these larger firms have to spend huge amounts of money to obtain these drugs on the market. The manufacturing and sales costs per unit is relatively small because of pharmaceutical firms average costs keep falling the more the company produces the drug. Also expense and risk have been contributed to pharmaceutical analysis for research to slow down. The university approach may work in more of a private sector.
...ividuals and systems should be developed to encourage innovation in a flexible way with few legal restrictions. Government and investors should work towards improving the infrastructure of the nation by providing facilities and platforms making it simple for any individual to innovate.
Mandeville, T. (1998). An information economics perspective on innovation. International Journal of Social Economics, 25 (2), 357-364. Retrieved March 11, 2011, from: http://www.
Kelley,T. (2005, Oct.). The 10 faces of innovation. Fast Company, 74-77. Retrieved 6th March’ 2014 from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=9&sid=1d6a17b7-c5f7-4f00-bea4 db1d84cbef55%40sessionmgr10&hid=28&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=bth&AN=18386009
The main objective of writing this paper is in practice, the management of innovative process takes into account the most important criteria that reflect the substance of innovation and arising directly from the definition of "disruptive innovation". Such criteria include the degree of novelty and substantive content.