I. INTRODUCTION
Digital images are composed of pixels. Each pixel represents the colour at a single point of the image. Rectangular array of pixels are called as a bitmap or a digital image. Advance development of image procurement and storage technology have lead to marvellous development in very huge and detailed image databases [1]. A massive volume of image data such as digital photographs, medical images and satellite images are generated every day [2].
Image mining can automatically extract meaningful information from a huge of image data are increasingly in demand. It is an interdisciplinary venture that essentially draws upon expertise in artificial intelligence, computer vision, content based image retrieval, database, data mining, digital image processing and machine learning. Image mining frameworks [3] are grouped into two broad categories: function-driven and information-driven. The problem of image mining combines the areas of content-based image retrieval, data mining, image understanding and databases. Image mining techniques include image retrieval, image classification, image clustering, image segmentation, object recognition and association rule mining.
Image Retrieval is performed by matching the features of a query image with those in the image database. The collection of images in the web are growing larger and becoming more diverse. Retrieving images from such large collections is a challenging problem. The research communities study about image retrieval from different angles, one being text-based and the other visual-based. The text-based Image retrieval applies traditional text retrieval techniques to image annotations. The content-based Image retrieval apply image processing techniques to first extract image features and then retrieve relevant images based on the match of these features.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses about the related work of image retrieval. Section 3 and 4 gives a text and content based image retrieval. Section 5 discussed the conclusion.
II. RELATED WORK
Digital images are currently widely used in medicine, fashion, architecture, face recognition, finger print recognition and bio-metrics etc. Recently, Digital image collections are rapidly increased very huge level. That image contains a huge amount of information. Conversely, we cannot make it information as useful unless it is organized so as to allow efficient browsing, searching, and retrieval.
Image retrieval has been a very dynamic research area. two major research communities such as database management and computer vision has study image retrieval from different angles, one being text-based and the other content-based. Late 1970s, the text-based image retrieval can be traced back.
Digital photographs is the art and science of producing and manipulating digital photographs that are represented as bit maps. Digital photographs can be produced in a number of ways:Directly with a digital camera, By capturing a frame from a video and By scanning a conventional photograph.
Medical imaging, as we all know, is the process of taking images of various parts of the human body for diagnostic and surgical purposes. Some of the popular medical imaging modalities are X-ray radiography, Magnetic resonance imaging, Medical ultrasound, Computed tomography etc. Since, these images contain clinical data of extreme importance for treatment follow-ups and are acquired at cost of radiation exposure, infrastructure, money and time involved. Thus, once acquired, the medical imaging data should not be disposed off casually, instead it should be retained so that it can be utilized for various medical applications and the chances of repeated testing can be minimized. Also, maintaining electronic health records of patients serves as database for medical research and experimentation. However, growing use of digital imaging techniques has exponentially increased the demands for storage space, handling and transfer of these medical images. These digital image files have large size and thus, require a huge amount of memory space. Moreover, transmitting these files over networks is a time consuming job.
Under the affection of semiotics, pictures are looked as symbols systems or codes which need to be decoded. The images of pictures not only describe objects but also deliver some specific meanings of messages. I think the point of view of the research theory could touch the feelings and meanings from the series of picture. The meanings are created by the process of the audience involving and interpretation and the theory is the media to do the research. This essay starts from the special relationship of text and graphics with creative interpretation.
[8] The Colour Image Processing Handbook By Sangwine, Stephen J.; Horne, Robin E.N. (Eds.)1998, XV, 440 p
Image (Imagery) – Descriptive poetry flourished. One basic meaning for ‘image’ is provided by that context, but other, looser and more treacherous, meanings have accreted: any sensuous effect provoked by literary language; any striking language; metaphor; symbol; any figure.
I have decided to compare Raster (bitmap) and Vector graphics & their uses in modern digital multimedia.
Image segmentation divides a digital image into multiple regions in order to analyze them. It is also used to distinguish different objects in the image. Several image segmentation techniques have been developed by the researchers in order to make images smooth and easy to evaluate. Famous techniques of image segmentation which are still being used by the researchers are Edge Detection, Threshold, Histogram, Region based methods, and Watershed Transformation.
Baldwin, Gordon and Martin Jurgens. Looking At Photographs: A Guide to Technical Terms. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 1991. Book.
Information Retrieval (IR) is to represent, retrieve from storage and organise the information. The information should be easily access. User will be more interested with easy access information. Information retrieval process is the skills of searching for documents, for information within documents and for metadata about documents, as well as that of searching relational databases and the World Wide Web. According to (Shing Ping Tucker, 2008), E-commerce is rapidly a growing segment in the internet.
This source is was useful and reliable to my research because it stated the importance of knowing the basics, without them you would not be able to create an amazing image. Many of the topics discussed in this book will be presented in my paper.
Fractals can be used to store pictures. The idea is to take a few colored pixels, and create a fractal generator program that would result in the picture. Storing a simple fractal generation program and a few pixels, would be infinitely more efficient than storing an entire .JPG image.
Image is most important thing in digital image processing. An image is a visual representation of a thing, person etc are display by an optical device such as mirrors a lenses or camera [1].
This paper describes the basic technological blee of Digital Image Processing . Image processing is basically classified in to three categories: The Rectification and Restoration, Enhancement and Information Extraction. The Rectification deals with incipient processing of raw image data to correct for geometric distortion, to calibrate the data radiometrically and to eliminate noise present in the data. The enhancement procedures are applied to image data in order to display the data for subsequent visual interpretation effectively. It involves various techniques for increasing the visual distinction between features in a scene. The objective of the information extraction operations is to replace visual analysis
Being considered as the development of pictographic, ideographic or ideograms are also the pictures. Instead of being the image of shape of any specific thing, ideographs are the pictorial symbols of the objects of concepts which are used as the agreement or custom of people. For example, if they want to mention about the forest, they draw three trees and every people can know that picture means “Forest” (The evolution of type Website, undated)
This application, with the help of OCR compares and checks with the database, and sees if there is any match to the resource searched for and provides the user with the relevant information on the mobile phone.