Earth observation satellites (EOS) are orbit apparatus specially designed for earth surveillance and monitoring in order to achieve an enriched understanding of the earth’s layers and system. Basically, EOS are grouped in synchronized series of polar orbiting satellites for a permanent observation job towards the ground section, water surface, atmosphere and biosphere. EOS are operated at low altitude (around 800 km) in order to obtain a better portrait of designated objectives. 1.2 History The first sparkle to innovate an observing satellite was during World War 1, wherein aircraft were used to scan enemy’s areas throughout basic cameras. This has been further advanced within World War 2 as aerial photos have been invented for mapping purposes. Later on, image processing was enriched with the digital chorological matrices systems to produce a better quality data. In fact, on 1957 October 4th, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite into space. This created a competition market for the U.S. and actual threat as they called it a “missile gap”. One year later, U.S. department of defenses launched Explorer 1 on January 31st. the competition has lead the technologies to continue getting sophisticated when civilian satellites emerged into the market, such as weather observing satellites (METEOSAT & NOAA)[1]. As a matter of fact, the first weather satellite was launched by NASA on 1960 (TRIOS 1) and launched the first spin-stabilized communications satellite on 1966.The awareness these satellites created for civilianization has been well recognized by all researchers and scientist in order to develop and enhance the technology in a way to serve human needs in all life aspects. Actually, since 1982 , NOAA satellites has helped i... ... middle of paper ... ...en extensive variety of chemical limits V. Highly sensitive VI. No spectrum regulation VII. Low power consumption VIII. Higher bandwidth open 3.2 Application I. Aircraft operations II. Quantum distribution [6] 4.0 Comparison Table 5 : SAR vs Optical # Comparison SAR Optical 1 wavelength 1 cm – 1 m 1 micron 2 visibility Can see through clouds, storms and sky objects. [10] Wavelength cannot pass through clouds. 3 Illumination has its own illumination source (signals band) Requires external thermal radiation to enlighten the observed target 4 Imaging time Image quality is independent of day time [7] Requires sun light for better image quality 5 Sensors Side looking Straight down 6 Work field Plane space Single point or distribution of points [8] 7 Image Color Black and white Colored 8 Small object picturing Not accurate and unclear [9] Can give better details
This paper will briefly discuss or attempt to discuss the evolution of Aerial Reconnaissance. I will talk about what reconnaissance is exactly and why it is important to every aspect of conflicts; before, during and after. Early methods of reconnaissance will be discussed and then lead to how aerial reconnaissance came about. I will talk about what platforms were used for aerial reconnaissance and what their missions were in the beginning. World War I forces aircraft technology to start advancing out of necessity, reconnaissance starts moving further and further out front as capabilities improve. During World War II cameras are being used on aircraft as that technology improves. During World War II we see aerial reconnaissance mainly
The Soviet’s were responsible for putting man on the moon, rovers on Mars, and launching the Hubble Space Telescope. Indeed, it was the United States’ foes that drove the U.S. to accomplish perhaps the greatest feats of the twentieth century. Following the defeat of Germany and Japan in World War II, tensions between former allies, the United States and the Soviet Union, began to grow. In the following decades, the two superpowers would duke it out in competitions and tremendous shows of nationalism. They formed unmatchable rivalries in politics, economics, sciences, and sports. These rivalries would become clear when two countries competed in the space race, a competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union concerning achievements in the field of space exploration. The Soviet’s took the early lead as they put the first satellite, Sputnik 1, into space. The launch of Sputnik 1 established a sense of fear into the American Public, resulting in the creation of NASA in the late 1950’s which opened the door for space exploration today and for future generations.
Following the conclusion of the Second World War, the United States and the Soviet Union made it a priority to outdo each other in every possible facet from arsenals of missiles to international alliances and spheres of influences. Yet when the Soviets launched Sputnik on October 4th, 1957, the world changed forever. The first manmade object was fired into space, and it appeared that American technology and science had fallen behind. Yet, the public feared that not only were they now technologically inferior to the Soviets, but also deduced that if a satellite could be launched into space, a nuclear missile could just as likely reach the mainland United States. Less than a month later, the Soviets pushed the bounds of technology yet again by
The cold war by the late 1950s had weaved into the everyday life of society for both countries. The announcement from the US that they will launch a satellite into orbit was challenged by the Soviets. On October 4th 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. This was the world’s first artificial satellite and man-made object to be in earths orbit. The launch was unexpected to the US, having caught them off guard. As a result Sputnik began to raise fears amongst the public, fearing the possible event of a nuclear attack, due to previous cold war
...1957. It was a very basic satellite and let out beeps every few seconds. This was very surprising to the US. They did not think that the Soviets had the knowledge of anything as complicated as a satellite. As a result of the launch of Sputnik the US began to put greater emphasis on science and engineering in education. They also began to try extra hard to develop space technology.
Launch of the herms in 1976 was world’s first direct to home experimental telecommunication satellite.
NSSS states a few current trends in space as being “congested and contested” (NSSS, 8), which is shaping our space strategic environment as well as fueling debates for space weapons. “Congested” trend refers to the current “60 nations and government consortia that own and operate satellites and the expectation to have 9000 satellite communication transponders in orbit by 2015.
... able to help out Military with coordinates of countries being more precise which meant less friendly fire as well as being able to learn how to send missiles through space without a country knowing who launched that attack. It also gave way to being able to fly at high altitudes and UAV’s for military having a better view.
Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation is a leading provider of Aerospace hardware. They specialize in the design and development in imaging and precision attitude control. Ball Aerospace and DigitalGlobe have been working together since the mid 90’s and Ball has been a key partner in meeting the increased demand for earth imaging and enhancing the geospatial information market. With the success of QuickBird, which was launched in 2001, images as small as 2 feet can be identified. Because of this, the two Companies merged their technologies and started working towards higher resolution capabilities in the aerospace industry. That is how WorldView 1 and WorldView 2 were designed and built. They launched in 2007 and 2009 respectively and are currently in a low earth orbit. Once again DigitalGlobe will be the customer for an additional WorldView (3) , which was awarded to Ball Aerospace and ITT in August of 2010 and the expectations of the satellite are much greater than the previous two WorldView spacecrafts (De Selding, 2010).
In 1957 the Soviets used a missile to launch a satellite, Sputnik 1, into orbit around the earth. The arms race then became a space race as the United States rushed to launch its own satellites, some for military purposes.
Steele, Lisa J. "The View From on High: Satellite Remote Sensing Technology and the Fourth
The Space Race is remarkably similar to that of the arms race because of the parallel between the creation of the atomic bomb and the goal of reaching the moon. The United States’ bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki effectively established its place as the technologically superior nation; however, major milestones in space achieved early by the Soviets damaged America’s reputation. In 1957, Soviet scientists shocked the world by successfully launching the Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, beyond the Kármán Line (the boundary of space). This amazing breakthrough “rattled American self-confidence. It cast doubts on America’s vaunted scientific superiority and raised some sobering military questions.” This blow to national pride along with the fear that the Soviets could potentially launch ICBMs from space led to “Rocket fever”. The sudden wave of nationalism and the desire to build a space program worthier to that of the Soviet Union led to the...
The Soviets took a lead by launching the first successful satellite into space. On October 4, 1957 the Soviets launched the first successful satellite into orbit. It was called Sputnik I and it successfully entered Earth’s orbit. This first success started the Space Age. The Soviets successful launch shocked the whole world, giving the Soviet Union the respect for putting the first man-made object into outer space. The Americans successfully launched their first satellite four months after Sputnik I, called the Explorer I. The US would have had the first satellite in orbit if they were allowed to use military rockets from the beginning. But, Eisenhower was worried he would be called a warmonger if he used military rockets for launching a satellite into orbit. He told the sci...
According to A. Rossi (2011), since October 4, 1957, when the first satellite Sputnik-1 was launched by USSR, there have been more than 5000 launches with nearly 7000 payloads placed in orbit. Most of these spacecraft eventually reentered Earth’s atmosphere. Currently there are about 3500 satellites and probes orbiting the Earth together with about 1800 upper stages, i.e. parts of the rockets used to bring them to space. Of all these spacecraft only about 900 are operational and all of the rest are space debris. This population of satellites and rocket bodies’ account for about 99% of the debris orbiting the Earth are estimated to be around 5000 metric tons.
We have benefitted our world by using satellite technology to preform tasks and provide a range of innovated services. The main applications of satellites are in the fields of communication, Earth Remote Sensing, weather, and scientific research. In some ways the use of satellites has made our world smaller. Satellites make it possible to establish a connection between two people that are on opposite ends of the globe via a telephone call or the use of the internet. Each of these satellites have many parts, but two parts are common to all satellites are called the payload and the bus. These groups of devices make the satellite capable of accomplishing their tasks.