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contribution of Leonardo da Vinci to science
contribution of Leonardo da Vinci to science
history of chemistry 700 words
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Etymology
The word chemistry comes from alchemy, which referred to an earlier set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism and medicine. It is often seen as linked to the quest to turn lead or another common starting material into gold,[6] though in ancient times the study encompassed many of the questions of modern chemistry being defined as the study of the composition of waters, movement, growth, embodying, disembodying, drawing the spirits from bodies and bonding the spirits within bodies by the early 4th century Greek-Egyptian alchemist Zosimos.[7] An alchemist was called a 'chemist ' in popular speech, and later the suffix "-ry" was added to this to describe the art
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Boyle in particular is regarded as the founding father of chemistry due to his most important work, the classic chemistry text The Sceptical Chymist where the differentiation is made between the claims of alchemy and the empirical scientific discoveries of the new chemistry.[34] He formulated Boyle 's law, rejected the classical "four elements" and proposed a mechanistic alternative of atoms and chemical reactions that could be subject to rigorous
Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian scientist, is said to be the father of the periodic table. In 1947 Mendeleev, while working on a textbook, began to organise the 63 elements that were known at the time in groups that displayed similar properties. Mendeleev found it difficult to classify certain alkali metals and metals, and while trying to find a way to classify them he began to notice that the properties and atomic weights of halogens and alkali metals shared similar patterns. He then began to investigate extensions of these patterns within the other elements. Mendeleev created a card for each of the known elements that sh...
Alchemy is seen as being “magic” or a fraud. When most people think of Alchemy they think of the people trying to change cheaper metals into gold, which well know today is a non-interconvertible element. It was upto the seventeen hundred the word alchemy and chemistry were used interchangeably. Alchemist made a huge contributions to today's modern world. People that practice alchemy help better the medicine of the time “ Of done by chemically extracting, treating, or purifying natural substances” (Principle, p. 37). Another contribution is they better the methods of smelting ore and working with the metals. There are still alchemistic methods changing chemical substances that are still used in chemistry, such as distillation, sublimation, and crystallization. These were not the only contributions that the alchemist taught us, it was some the experiments that they did that would teach us about the natural world. Just like astrology gave us famous astrologist there are famous alchemist too, just to name a couple is Robert Boyle the father of modern chemistry and Sir Isaac Newton one of the fathers of modern physics. In today's world when people do thing of alchemist they think of magic and sorcery. Look at the history without a modern view we can see that alchemist help advance that science
Sootin, Harry, and Gustav Schrotter.Robert Boyle : founder of modern chemistry. New York: F. Watts, 1962. Print.
Brief History Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a physician by trade, first coined the term "organic chemistry" in 1807 for the study of compounds derived from biological sources. Up through the early 19th century, naturalists and scientists observed critical differences between compounds that were derived from living things and those that were not. Chemists of the period noted that there seemed to be an essential yet inexplicable difference between the properties of the two different types of compounds. The vital force theory (sometimes called "vitalism") was therefore proposed (and widely accepted) as a way to explain these differences. Vitalism proposed that there was a something called a "vital force" which existed within organic material but did not exist in any inorganic materials. {text:bookmark-start} {text:bookmark-end} Friedrich Wöhler is widely regarded as a pioneer in organic chemistry as a result of his synthesizing of the biological compound urea (a component of urine in many animals) utilizing what is now called "the Wöhler synthesis." Wöhler mixed silver or lead cyanate with ammonium nitrate; this was supposed to yield ammonium cyanate as a result of an exchange reaction, according to Berzelius's dualism theory. Wöhler, however, discovered that the end product of this reaction is not ammonium cyanate (NH4OCN), an inorganic salt, but urea ((NH2)2CO), a biological compound. (Furthermore, heating ammonium cyanate turns it into urea.) Faced with this result, Berzelius had to concede that (NH2)2CO and NH4OCN were isomers. Until this discovery in the year 1828, it was widely believed by chemists that organic substances could only be formed under the influence of the "vital force" in the bodies of animals and plants. Wöhler's synthesis dramatically proved that view to be false. Organic chemistry focuses on carbon and following movement of the electrons in carbon chains and rings, and also how electrons are shared with other carbon atoms and heteroatoms. Organic chemistry is primarily concerned with the properties of covalent bonds and non-metallic elements, though ions and metals do play critical roles in some reactions. The applications of organic chemistry are myriad, and include all sorts of plastics, dyes, flavorings, scents, detergents, explosives, fuels and many, many other products. Read the ingredient list for almost any kind of food that you eat — or even your shampoo bottle — and you will see the handiwork of organic chemists listed there. {text:bookmark-start} {text:bookmark-end} Major Advances in the Field of Organic Chemistry Of course no description of a text should be without at least a mention of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier.
“The historian Bruce T. Moran, for instance, asserts that alchemy was an intellectually valid discipline in its contemporary context, that alchemy and chemistry were strongly interrelated, and that the exchange of ideas between the two can be seen in the works of figures like Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton.”
In the West, it dates to ancient Egypt, where it was first developed as an early form of chemistry and metallurgy. Egyptians alchemists used their art to make alloys, dyes, perfumes, cosmetic, jewelry, and to embalm the dead (Debus). The early Arabs made significant contributions to alchemy, such as by emphasizing the religious studies of numbers. The Arabs gave us the term 'alchemy’, which is from the Arabic term 'alchimia’, and when translated loosely means 'the Egyptian art'(Alchemy-Crystalinks). It functioned on two levels: mundane and spiritual. On the mundane level, alchemists wanted to find a physical process to change base metals such as lead into gold. On a spiritual level, alchemists worked to cleanse themselves by removing the "base" material of one’s self and attaining the 'gold' of enlightenment (Book of Secrets). By Renaissance times, most alchemists thought that the spiritual purification was essential to attain the mundane transformations of metals. Alchemists relied upon dreams, inspirations, and visions for direction for perfecting their art (McLean). Alchemy is a form of hypothetical thought that has tried to transform base metals such as lead or copper into silver or gold and to learn a cure for diseases and to extend
Chemistry is a branch of natural science that deals principally with the properties of substances, the changes they undergo, and the natural laws that describe these changes. (University of Idaho, 2014) Molecules, as small as they seem, is in the food that we eat and present in our daily lives. Today, scientists would likely know about the history of chemistry but not how chemistry has impacted history. Many would not wonder if these molecules go beyond the chemistry concepts that they have learned. For example, would the world have been different if piperine (molecule) present in pepper had not led to the discovery of the United States? The interesting fact is that molecules have and will continue to shape the world today. In this book, the authors explain in detail how 17 specific molecules had a significant impact on the history of the world. On a whole, this book is very intriguing and very suitable for chemistry lovers as well as the general public.
George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, Robert Hermen. "The Origin of Chemical Elements." [Online] 1 April 1948. .
In chemistry, there are many scientists who have made excellent discoveries, but some stand out among the rest, and Robert Boyle is one of these scientists. Robert Boyle is one of the most important scientists of his time, with many discoveries throughout his lifetime. During his early, mid, and later life, he made some of the most important discoveries that are still used in science and chemistry today. Boyle was influenced by many people throughout his life, including Galileo Galilei, who played in the scientific revolution and was one of the most important people in astronomy. Without his discoveries, science couldn’t and wouldn’t be what it is today.
Since Lewis was not known for writing novels, there are very few sources that can be drawn from here. There is one book that goes into detail about Lewis’s life and findings. It is titled “Cathedrals of Science: The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry”and it is by Patrick Coffey. The book was published in 2008 by Oxford University Press, making it quite modern for a source on early twentieth century scientists. Coffey was born in 1945, just a year before Lewis’s death, but he has spoken to many who had personal experience with the scientist. The same year as it’s publication, it won the PROSE award for the best chemistry book.
After the eighth century a man by the name of Jabir Haiyan took anesthetic compounds out of herbs which were used for general anesthesia during operations or difficult procedures. Jabir is also known well by what we know today as the periodic table of elements. An alchemist by the name of Glauber sodium sulfate in the seventeenth century. He also was the first to produce concentrated hydrochloric acid and improved the process of manufacturing nitric acid. ( “history of alchemy”).These are just a few of many alchemists who I chose to describe today. Many invented minerals or elements that we still use today. If it weren’t for alchemists we would be missing many thing in todays world. Many of these are crucial elements for scientists
Alchemy is a form of chemistry mixed with speculative philosophy that was practiced in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The goals of alchemy was to discover methods to transmute base metals into gold, find the elixir of life, and create the philosopher’s stone.
Robert Boyle studied modern chemistry and investigated air pressure. He made two important contributions to science especially medicine and gravitation. He was noted for his work on behalf of experimentation. “Boyle’s experimental approach to chemistry helped to bring it into the realm of modern scholarship” (Bowles, Kaplan, 2012). “Alchemy, a mystical or mysterious element that was associated with chemistry, was almost the only chemical investigation done until Boyle’s days” (Sweeney, 2014).Deceptive allegations, bizarre beliefs and absolute deception made medieval science a disgraceful means of research. “By substituting quasi-scientific work with the experimental method, Boyle did a great service for future generations of chemical researchers” (Sweeney, 2014).He did not make any particular discoveries that persist
One of Boyle’s biggest contributions to science was telling people how they should use the scientific method in research.“He was the first person to write specific experimental guidance for other scientists, telling them the importance of achieving reliable, repeatable results.” He also emphasized how people should repeat their own experiments to get more accurate results. Throughout his research he continually looked back on Galileo’s work. Galileo believed the world could be explained through mathematics. Later on Boyle went on to prove that air follows mathematical laws. This discovery is known as Boyle’s Law. Boyle’s Law is a gas law stating the relationship between volume and pressure while temperature is held a constant. He also stated how the movement of particles affects
Because other metals were thought to be less perfect than gold, it was reasonable to believe that nature created gold out of other metals found deep within the earth and that a skilled artisan could duplicate this process. It was said that once someone was able to change, or transmute a "base" chemical into the perfect metal, gold, they would have achieved eternal life and salvation. In this way, alchemy turned into not only a scientific quest, but a spiritual quest as well. Although the purposes and techniques were often times ritualistic and fanciful, alchemy was in many ways the predecessor of modern science, especially the science of chemistry.The birthplace of alchemy was ancient Egypt, where, in Alexandria, it began to flourish during the Hellenistic period. Also at that time, a school of alchemy was developing in China.