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Brown v board of education importance
L importance of the case brown vs board education
L importance of the case brown vs board education
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Racial and ethnic backgrounds have been a persistent factor in the dispensation of healthcare, stemming from the Civil Rights era. Several momentous pieces of legislation passed in that time, including the judicial Brown vs. Board of Education decision and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, both of which were intended to integrate society. However, the racial divide was not completely dealt with leading to the common medical disparities exhibited today. Interests in the status of national medical disparities have aided in the formation of significant organizations striving to transform these inconsistencies to benefit everyone. The objective of this essay is first, to convey how the achievement of civil rights has been overlooked in the medical field thus encouraging 20th Century segregation; second, to provide latent reform options that have potential successes and failures and third, to conclude with a personal reflection of medical disparity. In the 1950s to 1960s, the end of segregation was an intense topic of the United States, which not only publically demoralized minorities but severely weakened their ability to provide and obtain suitable medical necessities. In order to improve these conditions, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act was imposed prohibiting federal support of any business that engaged in discrimination. Although hospitals and other public facilities followed this specification, the majority of the healthcare system failed to comply with Title VI allowing physicians explicitly to be exempt from penalties for substandard treatment of patients (Smith Ph.D, 2005). Over forty years later, thorough research attests when access and socioeconomic factors are resolved a patient’s race and/or ethnicity nonetheless pro... ... middle of paper ... ...es. Retrieved March 16, 2011, from American Medical Association: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/433/cehcd-goals-principles-strategies.pdf Commission to End Health Care Disparities. (2009). The Commision to End Health Care Disparities Five Year Summary. Retrieved March 16, 2011, from American Medical Association: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/433/cehcd-five-year-summary.pdf Kaiser Family Foundation. (2002). Why the Difference? Retrieved March 15, 2011, from Kaiser Family Foundation: http://www.kff.org/whythedifference/evidence.htm Smith Ph.D, D. B. (2005, August 2). Eliminating Disparities in Treatment and the Struggle to End Segregation. Retrieved March 15, 2011, from The Commonwealth Fund: http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Content/Publications/Fund-Reports/2005/Aug/Eliminating-Disparities-in-Treatment-and-the-Struggle-to-End-Segregation.aspx
According to the federal Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, they have assessed the nation’s health system annually since 2003, reported that, in 2015 the health care delivery system has made progress to achieve the three aims of better care, smarter spending, and healthier people (City of White Plains Health Equity Report, 2017). However, they continue to promote health equality and reach the goal of New York State being the healthiest. But most importantly aiming to reduce or eliminate racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic health
Even though the United States government was already making improvements to the healthcare system, they excluded African Americans from all the progress that they made. Most believed that African Americans brought it upon themselves and that they inherited their sicknesses, and diseases. “Richmond's city officials were also aware that the high death rate of the city's African Americans, usually about twice that of whites, inflated the average for the city as a whole and negatively affected the health of all of Richm ” (Hoffman, 2001, p.177). Officials in Richmond Virginia first started to notice at how bad their death rates were when other states started to comment on it. African Americans made up the majority population in Richmond and even when they brought attention to problems they were excluded from the solutions, and the government was mostly worried about how the state looked overall. Eventually the government did have to step in and help them some. “Only in those programs administered by the Health Department's nurses did Richmond's African Americans receive anything like an equitable share ofthe benefits ofthe city's conversion to modern public health policies and practices, and even practices, and even there, the results were limited ” (Hoffman, 2001, p 188). Africans Americans were helped eventually but at a very limited amount compared to
Health disparity is one of the burdens that contributes to our healthcare system in providing equal healthcare to everyone regarding of race, age, race, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status to achieve good health. Research reveals that racial and ethnic minorities are likely to receive lower quality of healthcare services than white Americans.
Studies have analyzed how African Americans deal with an enormous amount of disease, injury, death, and disability compared to other ethnic group, and whites, Utilization of health services by African Americans is less frequent than other ethnic groups in the country. This non utilization of services contributes to health disparities amongst African Americans in the United States. Current and past studies have shown that because of discrimination, medical mistrust, racial/ethnic background, and poor communication African Americans tend to not seek medical care unless they are in dire need or forced to seek professional care. African Americans would rather self –medicate than to trust a doctor who might show some type of discriminatory
Wise, N., & Taylor, F. (n.d.) Moving Forward With Reform: The Health Plan Pulse for 2012 and Beyond. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2012). 2012 National health care disparities report (13-0003). Retrieved from Agency for Health Care Research and Quality website: http://ahrq.gov-research-findings-nhqrdr-nhdr12-2012nhdr.pdf
Medical research in the United States has a disgraceful history of exploitative studies in which African Americans were targets of abuse in the name of medical and scientific progress. African Americans have been used as the testing ground for drugs, treatments, and procedures since the time of slavery. The tolerance of the human frame and the endurance of the soul have been pushed to the limit in many of these experiments. From the physical demands on plantation work and the torturous treatment of slavery to the mental anguish inflicted on a slave’s soul by their masters, blacks have received deplorable treatment sanctioned by a white society. The end of slavery and the ushering in of the twenty first century did not end the torturous treatment and mental abuse. African Americans have been used for medical experimentation without consent for decades. Ironically they are treated as inferior and often given fewer rights than others, but amazingly their cells and bodies are treated as equals in laboratories for medical research, the results of which can save, extend and enhance the lives of others. Although color lines that are drawn in many aspects of life and inequitable treatment doled out based on the depth of the color of one’s skin, actually astounding results from medical experimentation on African Americans has produced drugs, cures and treatments for even those who do not value people of color, leaving the question of ethics and equity hanging in the balance.
..., M., Thomas, E., Smolowitz, J., & Honig, J. (2007, Dec 07). Essential health care: affordable for all?. Retrieved from www.cinahl.com/cgi-bin/refsvc?jid=374&accno=2004209136
In conclusion research has shown positive outcomes from the use of racial profiling in the medical field. The ways in which race positively influences medical practices, including in correct type of medication and dosing cannot be underplayed. Race has an important place in the medical field, which is even acknowledged by the US government. With technological advances, perhaps one day the use of race can be diminishes, but in present time it is an important contributing factor to the medical field.
In recent discussions of health care disparities, a controversial issue has been whether racism is the cause of health care disparities or not. On one hand, some argue that racism is a serious problem in the health care system. From this perspective, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) states that there is a big gap between the health care quality received by minorities, and the quality of health care received by non-minorities, and the reason is due to racism. On the other hand, however, others argue that health care disparities are not due to racism. In the words of Sally Satel, one of this view’s main proponents, “White and black patients, on average don’t even visit the same population of physicians” (Satel 1), hence this reduces the chances of racism being the cause of health care disparities. According to this view, racism is not a serious problem in the health care system. In sum, then, the issue is whether racism is a major cause of health care disparities as the Institute of Medicine argues or racism is not really an issue in the health care system as suggested by Sally Satel.
Williams, D., Harold Neighbors, James Jackson (2003). Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings From Community Studies. American Journal of Public Health, 93(2), 200-208.
Dr. Kenneth B. Clark’s legacy has lived on and will continue to inspire because, even today, in the 21st century, there are many ideas and problems that Clark addresses in the realm of prejudice and racism that are still relevant in social identity, education and the work place in America. Clark was a social psychologist who was a firm believer in equality, though he knew that racial division would be a difficult task to overcome, he still thought it was a concept that was necessary for America to progress. One of the many researchers that have continued Clark’s work is Thomas F. Pettigrew. Pettigrew (2004) suggests that America is not where it needs to in reference to equal opportunity. Pettigrew does acknowledge that there has been many steps forward since the Brown case and Clark’ s doll studies, but believes there has also, been many steps taken backwards in regards to the progress of racial equality and opportunity (Pettigrew, 2004). According to Pettigrew (2004) racial prejudices have come to be much less blatant but still have the same effect on the people exposed to the phenomena. Though racial prejudices are still prevalent, the source of the tension is much more difficulty to identify. As did Clark suggest, Pettigrew (2004) also believes that for change to consistently and proficiently occur, it must h...
Healthcare disparities are when there are inequalities or differences of the conditions of health and the quality of care that is received among specific groups of people such as African Americans, Caucasians, Asians, or Hispanics. Not only does it occur between racial and ethnic groups, health disparities can happen between males and females as well. Minorities have the worst healthcare outcomes, higher death rates, and are more prone to terminal diseases. For African American men and women, some of the most common health disparities are diabetes, cancer, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and HIV infections. Some factors that can contribute to disparities are healthcare access, transportation, specialist referrals, and non-effective communication with patients. There is also much racism that still occurs today, which can be another reason African Americans may be mistreated with their healthcare. “Although both black and white patients tended not to endorse the existence of racism in the medical system, African Americans patients were more likely to perceive racism” (Laveist, Nickerson, Bowie, 2000). Over the years, the health care system has made improvements but some Americans, such as African Americans, are still being treating unequally when wanting the same care they desire as everyone else.
Salisbury, J., & Byrd, S. (n.d.). Why Diversity Matters in Health Care. In CSA Bulletin.
Despite the substantial developments in diagnostic and treatment processes, there is convincing evidence that ethnic and racial minorities normally access and receive low quality services compared to the majority communities (Lum, 2011). As such, minority groups have higher mortality and morbidity rates arising from both preventable and treatable diseases judged against the majority groups. Elimination of both racial and ethnic disparities is mainly politically sensitive, but plays an important role in the equitable access of services, including the health care ones without discrimination. In addition, accountability, accessibility, and availability of equitable health care services are crucial for the continually growing