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The nature of the domestication
The nature of the domestication
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Recommended: The nature of the domestication
Has the domestication of dogs influenced a shuffle in their genetic make-up?
RESEARCH QUESTION;
Has the domestication of dogs influenced a shuffle in their genetic make-up?
WHAT IS A GENE; the definition of a gene is “a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell (or virus) may synthesize” (Oxford online dictionary, 2014). This can be understood to be a component of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) which determines hereditary characteristics and or traits in an organism.
http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/genetics-aging-our-genes/how-can-we-find-aging-genes-humans
The common household dog is not naturally occurring in nature but rather an evolutionary product of wolves, dog’s closest living relatives, which were domesticated. As wolves were domesticated to become work and household animals they developed and changed drastically to suit this roll and evolved on a genetic level which resulted in a change in the genotypes and as well as the phenotypes which has given rise to the common domestic dogs that we know today.
BREEDING OF DOGS;
Different breeds of dogs have different genotypes and phenotypes which in turn give rise to different characteristics and behavioral patterns, for example Labrador retrievers are social, Dalmatians are hyper, and Australian shepherds are smart (Scott & Fuller, 1974). All of these factors are determined by the genetics of the dog, which comes about from the genes. Genes are passes down from parent to offspring but not all genes are passed down, only the strongest dominant genes are passed down and are clearly evident. The recessive genes of the parents are ...
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...ies.com/definition/english/phenotype?q=phenotype [accessed 15 March2014]
http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/inbreeding.htm [accessed 15 March 2014]
http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Selective_Breeding [accessed 15 March 2014]
http://www.research.psu.edu/arp/research-reviews/ultra-deep-sequencing-of-mouse-mitochondrial-dna-mutational-patterns-and-their-origins/image/image_view_fullscreen [accessed 15 March 2014]
1979 Oxford University Press Belyaev, D. K. Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication. Journal of Heredity 70, 301–308 (1979).
Adams, J. (2008) Genetics of Dog Breeding. Nature Education 1(1):144
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Genetics of Dog Breeding
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The Australian Cattle Dog was originally born in Australia. It was bred to help outback ranchers round up their cattle and to withstand the harsh outback conditions. The breed is loyal and devoted to its owner. The joy of owning an Australian Cattle Dog directly relates to the breed origin, why it was bred, the general appearance, its unique traits, simple diet and easy health care. According to Katherine Buetow in “ The History of the Australian Cattle Dog” she states, “There is continuing controversy over which breeds were actually used in its development. One of the difficulties in researching the history of this breed is that there was a lot of experimentation going on in trying to find the perfect combination of dogs to make up the ultimate heeler that could live and work in the Australian outback ”( 1).
Every year an estimated 4.5 million dog bites occur in the U.S. BSL (Breed Specific Legislation) is a law that suggests that certain breeds are more prone to aggression than others. By banning or restricting the breeds in question, it is believed to help reduce the number of attacks. BSL determines which breeds are dangerous using statistics. These statistics cannot be relied on for two reasons. One, there is no concrete method to determine a dog’s pedigree. Thus, a victim, animal control officer, or owner is trusted with identifying the dog through appearance. According to Scott and Fuller, authors of Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog, “It has been known for decades that the cross-bred offspring of purebred dogs of different breeds often bear little or no resemblance to either their sires or dams (1965).” Visual assessments are questionable. Two, population is not accounted for. Population is important, in that it provides context to percentages. Because a dog’s breed is impossible to pinpoint, we cannot provide numbers. BSL’s cause is rendered useless when we consider these points.
In Mivart’s Genesis of Species, the author highlights the inconsistencies of Darwin’s natural selection theory. He supports his assertion by emphasizing how species placed in similar environments acquire different traits, questioning the long-term advantages of these evolved traits, and noting the logical inconsistencies of how traits can span in all directions.
Take a moment and picture a dog in your head. What do you see? You may see many different things depending on your own personal encounters with the species. There are many types of dogs out there. Some small, some large, long-haired or short-haired. There are many variances in what a dog can look like. One thing that does not change, or should not change, is the importance for every dog in this world to be given love and affection, no matter its characteristics. This is what leads me to believe that the obsession with producing and owning purebreds needs to come to a halt. Continuing to create these so-called “best dogs” is dangerous to not only the purebred’s health, but also devalues mixed breeds and can cost them their lives in animal shelters where they may never escape. My interest in this topic caused me to look into seeing what other people felt about it.
Throughout the world there are many different countries that contain diverse cultures, religions, and life styles. There is however certain aspects within these countries and cultures that acts as a common ground between one another. One dominant aspect is the existence of dogs within these cultures. Dogs are common throughout the world, either as a domestic pet, a protector on a farm, or an assistant for hunting; amongst others. Regardless of the reason for having a dog most people have either owned one for themselves or has known somebody who has owned one at some point in their life. Despite the relative normality of having a dog in your life in one way or another, the reasons for dogs coming into existence is not common knowledge among most people. Throughout a great portion of mankind’s history dogs have been an essential part of life. The truth is dogs were actually created in part by man. It was evolution from wolves in the form of natural and artificial selection that brought dogs into existence (Harris 3). This is the most modern and widely excepted theory at this time, however this was not always the case considering the theory of evolution in of itself is relatively new in our society. After evolution as a theory was accepted there were several other variations on the theory such as, the evolution being from jackals opposed to wolves, and artificial selection being the only form of evolution to have taken place. According to Jarret A Lobell and Eric A Powell of Archaeology magazine “The idea that dogs were domesticated from jackals was long ago discarded in favor of the notion that dogs descend from the gray wolf (2)”. As for the theory that artificial selection ...
Dogs are bred and born to praise their masters. It is in their blood. Based solely on their potential to cause serious injury to a person, the top five most dangerous dog breeds are the Caucasian Ovcharka, Pit bull, German Shepard, Rottweiler, and the Alaskan Malamute (Josef, 2013). All of these breeds have ancestors. For centuries, canines have been bred for many reasons. Although it depends on the breed type, many breeds were bred to handle livestock and keep them in order. For a dog to handle livestock, they need to be tough to handle animals much larger. These instincts have passed down through generations and into the canines many people own today. When forming ones own opinion about a breed, there are many factors to consider such as breed specific legislation, the individual canine’s past, and the influence of the media.
Later on they were bred as companion animals. The different variations of domesticated dog will be discussed later. The down fall of artificial selection is that it decreases variation in a species. Pure bred dog are highly susceptible to many different disorders and disease because of the lack of variation in their genotype. With these two processes, today we have friendly canine
The American Pit Bull is considered as a genuine breed because there are various breeds of pit bull that could have been mixed with other dogs. Pit bulls were raised for baiting larger animals during the hunting seasons. With the faithfulness of t...
Everyone should have heard this phrase that dog is man’s best friend. We live with them, love them, and take good care of them. When people talk about dog breed, the advantages and disadvantages of purebred dogs is always a controversial issue. Lots of people like purebred dogs because they are beautiful and cute; some people prefer crossbred dogs because they believe purebred dogs usually have genetic disease. Indeed, many evidence and research show that purebred dogs are easier to have genetic disease, and many purebred dogs die from incurable genetic disease every year. However, people still do not pay highly attendant to this problem. Even though purebred dogs are pretty, cute and inherited pure blood compared with the mixed-breed dogs, people should not excessively breed purebred dogs in order to satisfy our desire because a lot of them suffer serious genetic disease, are abandoned on the streets and performed euthanasia in shelters.
The transition to the diet of the original dog as a result of beginning the relationship with humans could be attributed to the changes identified between the modern dog and original dog (wolf). The canids remain recovered in yet cave, in Belgium where Upper Paleolithic artifacts were discovered along with other object are considered to be domesticated dogs. The domestication of dog could have been driven by human need for help with herding, hunting, and early warning while the dog benefited from companionship and reliable source of food
“A gene is a segment of DNA or a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that code for a functional product,” Tortora. Microbiology. p. 575. The syllable of the syllable. These genes not only affect our outlook, but also play a role.
In our lives today, dogs and cats are exceedingly valuable. They help calm people with anxiety, assist the sick and disordered, and aid the depressed. Although, thousands of years ago, dogs were domesticated by humans and put to useful tasks, such as, hunting, herding and guarding. Cats, however, were tamed for only one thing and that was to catch rodents. There might not be a lot about how they came to be, but hopefully that will change. Without cats and dogs in our lives things would be more challenging for most.
Specific Purpose: To bring attention to the issue of dog breed discrimination through Breed Selective Legislation (BSL) and inform the audience how they can change it.
Darwin, Charles. "Natural Selection." The Norton Mix. Editor Katie Hannah. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2010. 55-62.
Genetics is the passing of characteristics from parents to offspring through genes. Genes are information