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historical black hair disparities in america
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African American Hair research papers
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Gabrielle Jones is an average teenager. She is a typical girl that is educated, family oriented, and possesses all criteria that puts her within the American standard, except one detail, her hair. Gabrielle is of African descent and has retained her natural hair texture for almost 12 years. Occasionally, Gabrielle views models in the magazine as a symbol of beauty because they have straight, manageable hair unlike her kinky curls. Eventually, Gabrielle decides to make a drastic decision that would change her hair, she decides to relax her hair. She takes a look in the mirror and but what can she see? She could have kept her curly hair which was associated with her for many years, however she did not recognize herself, she just criticized her features for not being of standard according to society? Although, Gabrielle is a fictional character, however, her story is reality for many girls who have thick, curly hair.
Although, sixty-five percent of African Americans relax their hair (Ebony) there has been a growing movement towards natural hair styling. Through personal research from surveys, books and other forms of documents, I have concluded relaxed hair is no longer a popular choice for African American women for it is has become an attempt to reestablish natural beauty.
I performed a convenient survey of thirty-five women of African American or Caribbean descent ages 16 to 25 on the topic of relaxed hair. Out of the thirty-five I surveyed, 71 percent of the women were relaxed, while 29 percent were all natural. However, through this survey I discovered, 17 percent of those who were natural take 2-3hrs to style their hair, while 31 percent of women who relaxes their hair take 0 to 30 minutes. Yet, 29 percent of those who rela...
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"Healthy Hair = Protein Moisture PH." Organic Hair Color for Salon Professionals Healthy Hair Protein Moisture PH Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2013.
"Madam C.J. Walker Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
"Natural Afro-hair." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Apr. 2013. Web. 16 Nov. 2013.
"RELAXER INSTRUCTIONS." Roots of Nature Relaxer Instructions. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2013.
Ross, Janell. "Natural Or Relaxed, For Black Women, Hair Is Not A Settled Matter." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 04 Aug. 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.
Sherrow, Victoria. Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006. Print.
"Types of Relaxers." Design Essentials. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2013.
"What You Need to Know About Chemical Hair Relaxers." The Truth About Hair Relaxers. Skin Biology, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
By the twentieth century, slavery had damaged black pride, and made it known that black features were inferior. When it came to black women and their hair, black women desperately wanted to match the standard of “white” beauty. Walker’s solution to this was to create a look that was Afro-American without trying to imitate whites. Walker spoke about beauty emphasizing that to be beautiful does not refer to the complexion of your skin, or the texture of your hair, but having a beautiful mind, soul, and character.
In the recent past year or two, a woman’s natural hair has become a big thing. Before, African American women, to be specific, were so disgusted by their hair. They would do anything in their power to change the “nappy” aspect of their hair to “beautiful”. They would use relaxers very so often and hot combs.
Man is a social product." Additionally, society is our comprehensive understanding of the reality that confronts us, externalization is the physical and mental outpouring of human beings into the world, and objectivation is the process by which the externalized products of human activity attain the product through internalization (Berger and Luckman 1967:61). This perception of beauty that everyone in America consumes either voluntarily or forcefully is described by many different definitions with common aspects. Jennifer Milland of Dove's Real Beauty Campaign categorizes beauty by: long, shiny hair; clear, soft skin; cosmetics; thin body; straight, white teeth; and trendy clothes." In the documentary "Good Hair", African American's describe the socially constructed image of 'good hair' as: white hair; the lighter, the brighter, the better; straight, flowy, and 'relaxed' (Rock 2009). Because of this, they face the pressure of measuring up to an impossible standard. In an effort to artificially display their commitment to this standard, they have formed a multi-billion dollar industry that relies on India's biggest export of hair to blend in with the white
inundated with this idea of what “good hair” is, to the point that it seemed natural to force that same ideal upon me.
There is evidence that suggests that in the corporate world, academia and military, blacks who maintain their natural hair have experienced some form of discrimination. There have been situations where some students and research assistants have been asked to perm their hair or wear weaves since natural hair is perceived as “unkempt” (Philips). The US Army has also been criticized for what most blacks see as discrimination by imposing hairstyles on black female recruits. These policies deny individuals of their racial identity, personal and political autonomy (Greene). Natural hairstyles like dreadlocks, braids and afro are considered unprofessional and are therefore not allowed and this has become a racial-politico issue (Salem).
Instead of being allowed to embrace their unique and personal beauty African-American women have been reared in a society that edifies all things non-black. Light skin and long flowing hair are exalted and as a result many African-American women have bought into this. Oftentimes African American women resort to the use of skin bleachers, wearing colored contacts, hair weaves and using chemicals that contain lye to alter the texture of their hair.
In the industry of cosmetology there has been women that have played an important role. Like Sarah Breedlove, who later became known as Madam C.J. Walker was America’s first African American female millionaire. She was born poor and orphaned, but later built her own business of manufacture hair products. A scalp infection lead her to the creation of her products. Like many women she struggled to find the solution to her problem, after she tried thousands of products, soon she started loosing her hair. While sleeping she had a dream of a man advising her of ingredients she needed to mix. She got up the next morning and did as her dream demanded. To her surprise this product had worked, she then begun selling her unique formula (“Beauty”). Who would have thought a women could have became so successful. They say dreams can lead you to great accomplishments and this was the case of Sarah Breedlove. Another example of a successful women is Jane Iredale, founder and president of Iredale Mineral Cosmetics. Jane Iredale introduced the full line of cosmetics, she wanted to create cosmetics that were beneficial to the skin. In order to make her products the best, she collaborated with make up artist, dermatologist, and plastic surgeons in the production (“Beauty”). These two women are great icons of the Beaut...
There is a consensus that hair types are another way that colorism–the preference for lighter skin‒permeates the community. Women with a 3b/3c hair texture have a loose, ringlet, or spiral curl pattern and are often praised and more widely accepted in comparison to women who have a 4b/4c texture with a coarser, kinky, or zig-zag curl pattern. This notion highlights how Eurocentric standards of beauty can still influence pro-black spaces like the natural hair community, but it also shows how there is a pressure within the black community to adapt and conform to whatever style or aesthetic is deemed as “acceptable” at the time. This is where the “good hair” controversy comes into play. Whitney Bellinger studied a group of young African-American women to talk about their sentiments towards their hair in her piece WHY AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN TRY TO OBTAIN GOOD HAIR. When she asked the group of women to describe good hair, terms like “long”, “silky”, “fine”, and “healthy” were commonly used (Bellinger 68). While these terms are not exclusive to one hair type or texture, it doesn’t specifically describe a kinky or curly hair type and in turn alludes to a favorability towards non-black textures. Also in the interview, the young women discuss how their mother 's decisions on hair styles growing up impacted their current hair preferences (Bellinger 69). There was a direct relationship between the women who had relaxers growing up and who are still relaxed, as well as the women who were natural growing up and are currently natural (Bellinger 70). On the other hand, there was a smaller group of women who had switched their affiliations on the matter. It is interesting to note that there seem to be feelings of guilt evident with women who went from being natural to being relaxed. The women almost felt like they were denying some of the “racial pride” they previously held and that
Hair Care is another popular africanism present in America for African americans. For african american woman going for a natural hairstyle is quite common. Dating back to pre-colonial africa a natural afro hair style defined status and identity. Different styles indicated certain qualitie...
However, little research has examined the role of hair into African Americans lives. Hair is just as important as skin color and body ideal type. The Black hair care market is estimated to be $2.5 billion as of 2016 with a market experiencing sales similar to mainstream hair care (Market research Firm, Mintel). Being that hair is intertwined Black women and girls identities (Johnson & Bankhead, 2014); it’s no surprise that so many Black women are spending money on hair care
With more women wearing their hair natural, black women have begun to accept their unaltered appearances while redefining their perception of beauty. The natural hair movement has provided a shift in history for black women to free themselves from the oppression of the dominant white society and increase their self-acceptance. This shift in the perception of black hair has allowed black women to appreciate the complexities of their identities, and their pride in being black. Although black women still are often ridiculed for their puffs and locs, many women seem to be invincible to society’s negative connotation to the natural woman’s hair. With this negative perception comes the concept of cultural appropriation because non-black individuals have begun to appropriate themselves with black culture through tanning methods to achieve darker skin and obtaining natural hairstyles such as bantu knots, afros, cornrows, baby hair, and more because society views it as “high fashion.” Hairstyles that have been deeply rooted within African culture are now being deemed as highly attractive because of the white skin color of those who wear them and attempt to mimimic these hairstyles as if they are the original creators. To women of African descent, it is a slap in the face that white women can wear natural styles with no backlash and be praised for creating “new trends” while black women are often ridiculed for their natural hairstyles. According to Michael Omi and Howard Winant, to understand the concept of racial formation we must first look at the cultural resistance, discrimination and prejudices among race that is presented within identity (Omi and Winant 91). For the black woman her race is deeply rooted within her identity, that masks the oppression she has had to
Jablonsky and Chaplin states in their article that when it comes to us not having as much hair, we have looked a...
Almost 250 years of slavery and anti-blackness within the United States has created a divide in what type of hair is acceptable. According to Cynthia L. Robinson, “Black hair texture is graded” (Robinson 2011). Precisely, this means that a Black woman has either good hair or bad hair. Good hair has a resemblance of European hair texture, meaning straight and wavy curls. Good hair also diminishes the look of African ancestry. Bad is the complete opposite. The texture is kinky, coiled, and thick, giving the appearance of short hair (Robinson 2011). Hair that bears a resemblance to Eurocentric beauty standards is more beautiful and makes the individual with that hair type more beautiful as well (Robinson
The article Straightening My Hair by Bell Hooks makes her argument of finding the reason of why African American women straighten their hair. She first states that Black Americans straighten their hair because it is the stage of transformation; it closes the door of innocence and opens the door to adulthood. Slowly, she starts changing her views. She comes up with the statement that African Americans do not straighten their hair for reasonable reasons, but to imitate the characteristics of white women. She informs that black people repeat this process because they have low self-acceptance of their roots and background, and that they have lost beauty in themselves. My argument against this statement is that it is erroneous to claim that the straightening of African American hair is misinterpreted as their acceptance into the white community; straightening of hair is the symbolism of impending womanhood, closing the door of innocence, and sharing a time to meditate by relaxing your soul.
D'Angelo, J. (2002, June 27). Real Men Color Their Hair. Retrieved March 17, 2004 from http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,56219,00.html