Ethiopia with a growth rate of 8.5 percent per year is one of the 12th fastest growing economies in the world in 2012. As major sectors of the economy, the agriculture, industry and services sectors contribute 4.9 percent, 13.6 percent and 11.1 percent respectively (Geiger and Moller, 2013). With this growth pace, the country aims to achieve the mid economy class countries in 2025 (Ministér, 2011). The growth and transformation plan (GTP) gives vital attention to the manufacturing sectors to be the basic engine of economic growth and the cement manufacturing industry considered to contribute to the success of this plan (Ministér, 2011).
The geological characteristics of Ethiopia with its large limestone deposit and the fast growing infrastructural sector with their huge cement demand provides incentives for cement production and expansion factories in the country (Edwards, 2013). Moreover, there is an increasing need for housing and other constructions caused by the increasing population and the growth of business cycles. This situation has surged the establishment of new cement plants at fast speed of expansion (Amin and Ali, 2010). Ethiopia planned to increase the cement production for domestic and foreign market supply in the five year growth and transformation plan (GTP) from the initial capacity of 2.7 million tons in 2009/10 to 27 million tons in 2014/15 and to achieve annual cement per capita consumption of 300kgs (Ministér, 2011). The effort of the country’s investment agency (2008) in this regard is geared towards promotion of the accesses and potential of cement raw material supply in the country by motivating investors to invest in cement factory by defining the opportunities and incentive of cement investment
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...d coal injected to kiln for clinkering and 60% to calciner for calcination.
In relation to their pollution contribution different scholars explains; the quarrying process generally does not lead to significant problems (Van Oss & Padovani, 2002). On the one hand, dust emission sources are kiln, crusher, grinders, clinker cookers and material handling equipment (Kumar and Armani 2012). In addition, during clinker manufacturing of pyro-processing there is a considerable source of emission such as Cement Kiln Dust (CKD), gaseous like CO2 during calcination and combustion, sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide and dioxin (Van Oss & Padovani, 2002).Thus, this study focus on the two processing units (Fig 1) because they are major source of impacts. They required more energy source and raw material thereby release pollutants to the surrounding environment during their process.
Around the world, there are many countries that have their own distinct culture, ideas and, invention. At some point, there are one too many things that different countries have borrowed from each other making them similar. However, there are also specific qualities that set them apart from each other. If you take Ethiopia; a country located in East Africa, for example, and compare it with The United States, same as North America, there are many ways we can name their dissimilarities. For one, they are located in different continents so the weather, time zone, and calendar are very different.
Stephania A. Cornier, S. L. (2006). Origin and Helth Impacts of Emissons of Toxic By-Produts and Fine Particles from Combustion and Thermal Treatment of Hazardous Wastes. Environmental Health Perspectives, 810-817.
In an era of rising technology and increasing population, demands on the environment are continually being pushed to new levels. As a result, it becomes important for us to expand our knowledge about the environment and take appropriate actions to protect this element of most importance to human existence. One component of our environment experiencing some of the greatest abuse due to humans is the air. Air pollution has been on the rise ever since the beginning of industrialization. The climbing number of factories and use of cars worldwide are the major culprits of this environmental hazard. There are various gases released into the air that can be considered air pollutants, but one of the most prevalent and dangerous to the environment is carbon dioxide (CO2). Up to 95% of the CO2 produced is the result of natural processes (Burnett & Matthews Jr., 1998). The rest is a direct result of human activity, primarily through the burning of fossil fuels in the production of energy
Gabon’s GPD (gross domestic product) is estimated to be around 7.7 billion dollars. The GPD is divided into three sections the first being agriculture making up 8%. Gabon’s agriculture consists of cocoa, coffee, sugar, palm oil, cattle, and fish. The second section, industry, contributes 67% of the nations GPD. Gabon’s industry includes textile, lumbering and plywood, petroleum, cement, manganese, uranium, gold mining, and chemicals. Oil was located of the coast of Gabon in the 1970’s. Petroleum alone now makes up 50% of the GDP. The last section of the GDP is services, making up 25%. Ship repair supplies the most to this category of the GDP.
Ethiopia is located in the Eastern region of Africa. According to the Embassy of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ethiopia lies between the geographical coordinates of 3’ and 14. 8’ latitude and 33’and 48’ longitude. Ethiopia encompasses a majority of the area known as the Horn of Africa. The CIA World Factbook states that Ethiopia is approximately 1,104,300 square kilometers (686,180 miles). To give a better perspective of the sheer size of this country, it is about twice the size of the state of Texas. The CIA World Factbook also states that Ethiopia’s area ranks 27th when compared to the area size of all other countries in the world.
The root causes of the war could be traced back in history to the imperialist policy of great powers of Europe, an international phenomenon during the 19th century. Eritrea as a new independent entity was created by Italian colonization. Italian colonization did not only create a new independent state of Eritrea but also a separate Eritrean identity. As a result of the socio-economic improvements created by the Italian colonial legacy, Eritreans developed a distinct Eritrean identity and a sense being “civilized” and regarded Ethiopians as “backward”. (Tekeste: 2000, p.54-157). In one interview, Eritrean President Issayas once said, “We have lived with Europeans; we have seen much of the civilized world. There are many things we have learned from them. The Ethiopians, on the contrary, have just come out of the forest. They are not civilized. They feel inferior because they have come out of the bush” (Solomon: 1998, p.15).
Overview of the Country A virtual guide to Ethiopia, the land formerly known as Abyssinia. Ethiopia is a landlocked country on the Horn of Africa, in the east of the continent. It is bordered by Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Somaliland (Somalia). Ethiopia covers an area of 1,126,829 km², this is about twice the size of France or the U.S. state of Texas.
Waste incineration units produce a lot of carbon dioxide gas approximately around one third of the greenhouse gasses. It also impacts people’s health as they get exposed to the toxic emissions by breathing in the air or consuming contaminated food and water. Additionally, when the garbage gets burnt by the incinerators they end up as ashes which are then emitted from the chimneys, including the toxic materials and end up in specialist landfill sites for hazardous waste.
When comes to Economic aspect, coffee is the second most traded product in the world after petroleum. As the country’s economy is dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 45 percent of the GDP, 90 percent of exports and 80 percent of total employment, coffee is one of the most important commodities to the Ethiopian economy. It has always been the country’s most important cash crop and largest export commodity. (Zelalem Tesera p
One of the most widely used materials in today’s global economy is steel. The steelmaking process, dating back to the third-century B.C., has become a much cleaner, more efficient process than any time in history. Still, blast furnaces produce waste material as a part of the production of steel. Toxic pollutants enter the air and water, endangering humans and the environment. Government restrictions on waste and CO2 emissions has led to many advancements in steelmaking. In order to ensure a clean, sustainable future, the steelmaking industry will continue to make advancements to provide one of the most essential materials in today’s economy.
What makes economic growth so interesting is that it enables a country to do so much more than they are financially capable of to date, through economic growth a country can also help to lower the countries deficit. To date The Bahamas government have invested millions of dollars into the economy such as new roads and highways, schools, hospitals, hotels etc. If an economy makes an investment it is to improve and encourage growth within their economy. In my opinion economic growth is beneficial to any economy although there are a number of hurdles that must be crossed to really feel and see the economic growth. This research paper is to enable a better understanding of the economic growth and how The Bahamas has grown and investments that they have made to sustain the economies developments.
Located in the Horn of Africa, Ethiopia is the second most populated country in Africa. It has the tenth largest land mass in Africa (nearly twice the size of Texas), a population of approximately ninety-one million people (CIA 2013), and a rural to urban population ration of approximately 6 to 1 (Abelti, et al. 2012). Like other nations in sub-Saharan Africa, Ethiopia suffers from many of the same social factors that have deepened inequality across the continent. Poverty is widespread; access to quality education and healthcare is inadequate; modern infrastructure and improved sanitation are inconsistent or non-existent (Abelti, et al. 2012). Other high-risk factors have also been present, such as extended conflicts involving the long term mobilization of armed forces, governmental and political instability, and gender inequality (McInnes 2011). This forced Ethiopia, like many of its African neighbors, to turn to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) for foreign aid and with it, the neoliberal policies and structural adjustment programs that have been so instrumental in deepening inequality in the Global South. Although previous governmental transitions had caused considerable political instability within Ethiopia, the nation possesses a strong central government allowing Ethiopia to resist many of the IMF’s recommendations and seek funding from alternative sources, such as China, to pursue massive infrastructure development within Ethiopia (Giorgis 2013). In this paper, I will discuss the controversy surrounding one of these development projects, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, and how it has shaped – or has been shaped by – inequality.
Greenhouse gasses that are released into the air when mining are harmful to the environment and the release of dust particulates negatively affect the ecosystems around the mines. As well as the air pollution there is usually a large amount of noise. In Gauteng large scale mining has caused the dolomite rock to cave in which has resulted in large sinkholes forming and earthquakes.
Factories and transportation depend on huge amounts of fuel--billions of tons of coal and oil are consumed around the world every year. When these fuels burn they introduce smoke and other, less visible, by-products into the atmosphere.