As I sit down to write this paper, I am also waiting for my laundry to finish. I set the machine to “auto” load size and dumped my clothes in, oblivious to the actual size of the load. The machine can calculate the size of the load for me, and assure that my clothes are washed at the proper temperature for the proper amount of time. This is accomplished through the use of what is referred to as soft computing, pioneered by a man named Lofti Zadeh (Peterson). Lofti Zadeh was born in Baku, Azerbaijan in 1921. The son of an Iranian journalist and a Russian physician, Zadeh’s early life was spent under the influence of Soviet ideas. In an interview with Betty Blair, Zadeh speaks of how the Soviet schools of his childhood placed great importance on science, math, hard work, and putting the needs of society above the individual. Combined with a “voracious” love of reading, and the further influence of American Presbyterian missionaries when he was 10 years old, these Soviet ideals helped cultivate in Zadeh a heightened sense of curiosity and a desire to put his knowledge to use in helping others. He graduated from the University of Tehran in 1942, then went on to earn his Ph.D. from Columbia University in New York in 1949 (Blair). Zadeh began a professorship at the University of California at Berkeley in 1959, and it was here that he started his work on “Fuzzy Logic,” a theory that would eventually be applied towards many things in the form of soft computing (Blair). Fuzzy Logic, defined as “multivalued (as opposed to binary) logic developed to deal with imprecise or vague data” (“Fuzzy logic”), was developed by Zadeh in 1965, during his time at Berkeley. Already recognized internationally for his work with mathematical syste... ... middle of paper ... ...or the use of natural language in scientific theory, rather than simply numbers and figures, will open mathematics and science to a significantly larger number of people (Blair). Zadeh says that the concept “marks a significant paradigm shift” (Blair) in science and mathematics, and with how rapidly we have appropriated and applied fuzzy logic in the past 50 years, one can only imagine what amazing applications will be found in the next 50 years. Overall, fuzzy logic and soft computing have been an enormous boon to our daily lives. The convenience provided by soft computing cannot be overstated. Without these concepts, everything from washing machines to cars would operate in a drastically different manner. Lofti Zadeh’s radical theory has changed the way many people look at mathematics, and will doubtlessly be applied in many new and exciting ways in the future.
“Traditionally, scientists have looked for the simplest view of the world around us. Now, mathematics and computer powers have produced a theory that helps
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the newest fields in Science and Engineering. Work started in earnest soon after World War II, and the name itself was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy. Artificial Intelligence is an art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people [Kurzweil, 1990]. It encompasses a huge variety of subfields, ranging from general (learning and perception) to the specific, such as playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, driving a car on the crowded street, and diagnosing diseases. Artificial Intelligence is relevant to any intellectual task; it is truly a Universal field. In future, intelligent machines will replace or enhance human’s capabilities in
Key Words; Artificial Intelligence, Multiple Intelligence, Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Logic Toolbox, Vocational Guidance, Decision Making
Finally almost a decade after the Dartmouth Conference, Centers for artificial intelligence research began to form at Carnegie Mellon and MIT. Further advancements were made in the field. The General Problem Solver (GPS) was developed based on the Wiener's feedback principle. The GPS was capable of solving a greater range of common sense problems.
Since antiquity the human mind has been intrigued by artificial intelligence hence, such rapid growth of computer science has raised many issues concerning the isolation of the human mind.
As our research into science and technology ever increases its seems inevitable that in the near future Artificial Intelligent machines will exist and become part of our everyday life such as we see with modern computers today.
Humanity is threatened by the overwhelming growth of science and technology. People are expanding their knowledge through observation and experiment, oblivious to the consequences that result from improper motive. Isaac Asimov—author of The Life and Times of Multivac—uses the science of numbers, or mathematics, as a solution to the fear that arises in a world controlled by a human-like machine. What human beings are afraid of is losing the very word that separates them from everything else in the world—human, and they will do whatever they can to keep that title to themselves.
Summary- This book expert describes the fundamentals, history, and changes associated with Artificial Intelligence from 1950’s onward. The book provides a basic explanation that Artificial Intelligence involves simulating human behavior or performance using encoded thought processes and reasoning with electronic free standing components that do mechanical work.
The traditional notion that seeks to compare human minds, with all its intricacies and biochemical functions, to that of artificially programmed digital computers, is self-defeating and it should be discredited in dialogs regarding the theory of artificial intelligence. This traditional notion is akin to comparing, in crude terms, cars and aeroplanes or ice cream and cream cheese. Human mental states are caused by various behaviours of elements in the brain, and these behaviours in are adjudged by the biochemical composition of our brains, which are responsible for our thoughts and functions. When we discuss mental states of systems it is important to distinguish between human brains and that of any natural or artificial organisms which is said to have central processing systems (i.e. brains of chimpanzees, microchips etc.). Although various similarities may exist between those systems in terms of functions and behaviourism, the intrinsic intentionality within those systems differ extensively. Although it may not be possible to prove that whether or not mental states exist at all in systems other than our own, in this paper I will strive to present arguments that a machine that computes and responds to inputs does indeed have a state of mind, but one that does not necessarily result in a form of mentality. This paper will discuss how the states and intentionality of digital computers are different from the states of human brains and yet they are indeed states of a mind resulting from various functions in their central processing systems.
Crevier, D. (1999). AI: The tumultuous history of the search for Artificial Intelligence. Basic Books: New York.
Artificial Intelligence may come in many forms, but for the purpose of this paper, I have adopted the definition from The Columbia Encyclopedia (2008), which states that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a discipline of computer science that aims to focus on the creation of machines that can mimic intelligent human behavior. It is the attempt to give computers human reasoning and thought processes. Humans have always had an interest in the design, creation and application of smart machines. Consequently, with the discovery and introduction of computer systems and with the decades of research in programming that has followed, humans have now realized that many of their ideas may be possible by the development of these systems. The most intriguing issue with this field of study is that as time passes, technology changes and so does the definition of Artificial Intelligence. It is, in a lighter definition of intelligence, the distinct applications of unnaturally occurring systems or application of artificial systems that rely on use of different knowledge levels to achieve set goals. Artificial Intelligence began with the theoretical work of mathematician Alan T...
Moritz Schlick believed the all important attempts at establishing a theory of knowledge grow out of the doubt of the certainty of human knowledge. This problem originates in the wish for absolute certainty. A very important idea is the concept of "protocol statements", which are "...statements which express the facts with absolute simplicity, without any moulding, alteration, or addition, in whose elaboration every science consists, and which precede all knowing, every judgment regarding the world." (1) It makes no sense to speak of uncertain facts, only assertions and our knowledge can be uncertain. If we succeed therefore in expressing the raw facts in protocol statements without any contamination, these appear to be the absolutely indubitable starting points of all knowledge. They are again abandoned, but they constitute a firm basis "...to which all our cognitions owe whatever validity they may possess." (2) Math is stated indirectly into protocol statements which are resolved into definite protocol statements which one could formulate exactly, in principle, but with tremendous effort. Knowledge in life and science in some sense begins with confirmation of facts, and the protocol statements stand at the beginning of science. In the event that protocol statements would be distinguished by definite logical properties, structure, position in the system of science, and one would be confronted with the task of actually specifying these properties. We fin...
Artificial intelligence is a concept that has been around for many years. The ancient Greeks had tales of robots, and the Chinese and Egyptian engineers made automations. However, the idea of actually trying to create a machine to perform useful reasoning could have begun with Ramon Llull in 1300 CE. After this came Gottfried Leibniz with his Calculus ratiocinator who extended the idea of the calculating machine. It was made to execute operations on ideas rather than numbers. The study of mathematical logic brought the world to Alan Turing’s theory of computation. In that, Alan stated that a machine, by changing between symbols such as “0” and “1” would be able to imitate any possible act of mathematical
Philosophical approaches, deixis can be as indexical expressions may be usefully approached by considering how truth-conditional semantics deals with certain natural language expression. For example:
Artificial Intelligence “is the ability of a human-made machine to emulate or simulate human methods for the deductive and inductive acquisition and application of knowledge and reason” (Bock, 182). The early years of artificial intelligence were seen through robots as they exemplified the advances and potential, while today AI has been integrated society through technology. The beginning of the thought of artificial intelligence happened concurrently with the rise of computers and the dotcom boom. For many, the utilization of computers in the world was the most advanced role they could ever see machines taking. However, life has drastically changed from the 1950s. This essay will explore the history of artificial intelligence, discuss the