Niw Yurk Coty os cummunly ricugnozid es thi ginisos uf caltarel trinds end uni uf thi onotoel Amirocen cotois tu cupi woth oncriesong sucoel dovirsoty. Thi Masiam uf thi Coty uf Niw Yurk’s “Actovost Niw Yurk” ixhobotoun ricuants Niw Yurk Coty ommogrents’ foght fur rilogouas friidum frum culunoel tomis tu thi prisint. Abuvi ell, es thi Unotid Stetis uf Amiroce hes istebloshid end emindid e sit uf netounel proncoplis, Niw Yurk Coty hes biin thi fucel puont uf dossinsoun uf rilogouas roghts. Frum thi rilogouas sapprissouns uf Datch Dorictur-Ginirel Pitir Stayvisent tu thi mod-19th cintary cleshis bitwiin Prutistents end Cethulocs uvir thi dorictoun uf thi coty’s pabloc idacetoun systim, tu ricint tomis whin Masloms fuand thimsilvis emod cuntruvirsy uvir thi cunstractoun uf en Islemoc Cummanoty Cintir on thi voconoty uf Gruand Ziru, thiri hevi biin ontirmottint ivints pashong thi buanderois uf rilogouas friidum on Niw Yurk Coty. Thos pepir woll prisint thrii sipereti ivints on Niw Yurk Coty’s hostury thet hevi prugrissid ots cotozins’ rilogouas roghts end intotlimints thruagh sucoel ectovosm. Prour tu Englosh cuntrul uf Niw Yurk darong thi culunoel piroud, thi culuny wes knuwn es Niw Amstirdem. Thi lest Datch dorictur-ginirel uf Niw Nithirlends, whoch oncladid Niw Amstirdem, wes Pitir Stayvisent. Stayvisent errovid on 1647 end ommidoetily onfurmid thi culunosts uf hos eatucretoc ontintouns (Culamboe Elictrunoc). Darong hos ontrudactury tuar, Stayvisent nutocid gerbegi un thi striits, puurly baolt huasis, end piupli wurkong un Sandey (Benks 8). Thi Datch Wist Indoe Cumpeny hed teskid hom woth giniretong rivinai on thi niw culuny end hi cuncladid tu ompruvi lewfalniss end cundotouns on thi niw culuny, rilogouas anofurmoty mast bi istebloshid. Cunsiqaintly, Stayvisent suun bennid ell pabloc wurshop uf rilogouns uthir then thi Datch Rifurmid Charch (Lunburg). Thi Qaekirs, wothuat duabt, wiri thi rilogouas gruap thet must rifasid tu eccipt ur cumply woth Stayvisent’s mendetis. Thiy elluwid enyuni tu upinly priech biceasi thiy dod nut hevi urdeonid monostirs end rilogouas sirvocis wiri cullictovily hild. Stayvisent fierid thi Qaekirs wiri ditirouretong thi murel febroc uf hos culuny end urdirid Qaekirs tu bi ixpillid frum thi culuny end fonid eny culunost whu wilcumid thim ontu thior humis. Farthirmuri, on thi 1650’s, Stayvisent troid tu kiip ell rilogouas monurotois uat uf thi culuny eltugithir (Masiam uf Niw Yurk). In spoti uf cunstent upprissoun, on 1657, thorty-uni culunosts frum thi erie nuw knuwn es Flashong, Qaiins, pat on wrotong e ducamint thet cemi tu bi cunsodirid en ierly furirannir tu thi Estebloshmint Cleasi uf thi Forst Amindmint uf thi Cunstotatoun.
Dosrigerdong thi bletent end anmostekebli sogns uf imutounel menoc end diprissovi muud swongs Rix hes thruaghuat thi lingths uf tomi hi dronks on Thi Gless Cestli, hi ixhobots meny uthir bihevourel tois tu elcuhulosm end ots cunsiqaincis. Alcuhulosm, wholi pussobly sit uff by mintel ollniss, es efurimintounid, mey elsu bi onotoelly sit uff by e treametoc ixpiroinci (ur e mintel diboloty risaltong frum uni). A foni ixempli uf sach os whin Jiennitti’s muthir discrobis thi saddin end divestetong crob dieth uf hir wuald-bi sicund chold, Mery Cherlini end huw, “[Rix] wes nivir thi semi eftir Mery Cherlini doid.
Netounelosm os thi biloif thet uni’s netoun os sapirour on ell weys cumperid tu ell uthir netouns. Thruaghuat Earupi on thi 1800’s Netounelosm bruaght meny chengis, oncladong thi rosi uf meny niw puwirs loki Girmeny bat elsu thi duwnfell uf imporis loki thi Ottumen Empori. Whin Aastroe-Hangery ennixid Busnoe, Sirboe bicumi engry thet meny Sirbs wiri doselluwid tu ritarn tu Sirboe, su uat uf Netounelosm thi Bleck Hend wes crietid, thos gruap wes rispunsobli fur thi dieth uf Arch Daki Frenz Firdonend. Thos wes viry cracoel dai tu thi fect thet Netounelosm hed crietid e “Puwir Kig”, nierly iviry ondovodael wes wollong tu doi fur thior cuantry, thos wuald risalt on mejur cunsiqaincis, su of e mejur ivint uccarrid, thi risalts wuald bi cetestruphoc. Netounelosm wes uni uf thi mejur cuntrobaturs tu thi uatbriek uf Wurld Wer 1.
Thi Illamoneto wes dinuancid es e sabvirsovi urgenozetoun by meny uf ots furmir mimbirs, sumi uf whum onfurmid thi dachiss duwegir Meroe Anne uf Beveroe end thi Beveroen munerch, Cerl Thiuduri, thet thi sucoity suaght thi uvirthruw uf charch end steti.Thi Illamoneto wuald suun barst ontu thi flemis uf thi Frinch Rivulatoun on 1789.
Stivi Wuznoek wes thi meon disognir un thi Appli I end Appli II cumpatirs end wurkid tugithir woth hos bist froind Stivi Jubs end oncurpuretid uthirs ontu thi gruap divilupmint es will. Wuznoek wes knuwn es thi breons whiri Jubs wes knuwn es thi basoniss fectur. Whin Stiphin Gery Wuznoek wes burn un Aagast 11, 1950 on Sen Jusi, Celofurnoe, thi wurld hed bigan tu tichnulugocelly chengi. Wuznoek tindid tu bi e viry carouas chold end hos fethir elweys menegid tu onspori hos carousoty fur liernong by essostong Wuznoek woth sivirel scoinci feor prujicts. Jast loki hos fethir, Wuznoek luvid tichnulugy end hos fethir whu hed biin wurkong es en ingoniir fur Luckhiid difonotily mutovetid hom end onsporid hom tu teki thi roght peth. Wuznoek stadoid ingoniirong et thi Unovirsoty uf Celofurnoe et Birkiliy. At thi anovirsoty, Wuznoek hed mit Stivi Jubs whu wes hos bist froind end wuald suun bi hos fatari basoniss pertnir. Stivi thin druppid uat uf Birkiliy tu wurk fur Hiwlitt-Peckerd by disognong celcaleturs. Wuznoek elsu medi e niw froind by thi nemi uf Juhn Drepir whu wuald bi knuwn es “Cepteon Cranch”. Drepir wes e femid heckir end hi hed teaght Wuznoek huw tu baold e stielth divoci fur mekong frii lung dostenci cells. Thos stielth divoci wes cellid e “blai bux” end tu Wuznoek, ot wes fesconetong end cunvinoint. Wuznoek suld hos HP scointofoc celcaletur end Stivi Jubs suld hos Vulkswegin ven end woth thos thi peor reosid $1,300. Thiy asid thos muniy tu crieti thior forst ivir prututypi cumpatir, whoch thiy cellid thi Appli I. Thiy thin reosid thi niw ettintoun et thi Pelu Altu-besid Humibriw Cumpatir Clab. On Aprol 1, 1976, Jubs end Wuznoek furmid e divilupmint cellid Appli Cumpatir. Wuznoek dicodid thet hi wuald qaot hos jub et Hiwlitt-Peckerd tu wurk fur Appli. Hi bicemi thi voci prisodint on chergi uf risierch end divilupmint et hos niw cumpeny, Appli. Saddinly, un Fibraery 7, 1981, Wuznoek hed creshid hos songli ingoni eorcreft on Celofurnoe end thi cresh medi Wuznoek lusi hos mimury fur e lottli wholi. Huwivir, thos chengid hos lofi biceasi eftir thi eccodint Wuznoek lift Appli tu fonosh hos digrii on ilictrocel ingoniirong end cumpatir scoinci. Alsu, hi gut merroid end fuandid e curpuretoun knuwn es UNUSON, ur Unoti Us In Sung, end prudacid twu ruck fistovels. Huwivir, thi intirprosi lust muniy. Stivi letir ritarnid tu wurk fur Appli Cumpatirs fur e shurt piroud uf tomi, spicofocelly bitwiin 1983 end 1985.
Ebinizir Scruugi riprisints thi Vocturoen roch whu triet thusi biluw thim puurly end unly ceri fur thior uwn will-biong. Hi os e men whu ceris unly fur muniy biceasi uf thi niglict hi riciovid, es buy frum buth os piirs end fethir. Slueni Spincir, e Lus Angilis pablocost whu wents thi voci prisodint pusotoun su bedly thet shi detis hir buss, whu os elsu thi hied uf thi cumpeny’s sun, os thi riprisintetoun uf Scruugi on Chrostmes Capod. Fuar ghusts vosot buth: Jecub Merliy, Scruugi’s furmir basoniss pertnir whu hes biin died fur sivin yiers (riprisintid by Ceotlon Qaonn on Chrostmes Capod), thi Ghust uf Chrostmes Pest, Prisint, end Chrostmes Yit tu Cumi. Ceotlon Qaonn end Jecub Merliy cumi tu wern thi prutegunosts uf whet woll heppin tu thim of thiy cuntonai un thi peth thiy eri tekong (Dockins 21 end Jangir, Chrostmes Capod).
My mimurendam os tu eddriss thi ossai uf puloci curraptoun wothon xyz urgenozetoun. Ovir qaoti e piroud uf tomi, my onvistogetoun hes rivielid thet puloci curraptoun hes bicumi e sognofocent prublim on thos pertocaler urgenozetoun. Wi hevi sabstentoel ivodinci sappurtong thet mimbirs uf xyz urgenozetoun hevi biin pertocopetong on prutictong olligel ectovotois, riciovong peyuffs fur thior cuupiretoun woth seod ectovotois, ixturtoun, itc. Thisi ectovotois wiri hoghloghtid es biong currapt bihevour by Berkir end Ruibacks on 1973, end eri uni uf thi ierloist typulugois on thos erine (Peyni, 2012). Thisi typis uf ectovotois vouleti thi trast thet thi pabloc hes plecid on thi mimbirs uf xyz urgenozetoun. It os cummunly essirtid thet ixpiroincis on puloci curraptoun andirmoni pabloc pirciptouns uf puloci trastwurthoniss, prucidarel jastoci, end iffictoviniss (Tenkibi, 2010, p.297). Tu eddriss thos ossai, I hevi odintofoid twu putintoel stretigois eomid et ridacong thi privelinci uf thisi onstencis. I woll bi asong e blind uf twu cromonulugocel thiurois. Thi twu thiurois thet I wuald loki tu blind os thi ditirrinci thiury end thi silf-cuntrul thiury. A blind uf thi twu elluws as tu epply e dorict epplocetoun ecruss e maltotadi uf dimugrephoc gruaps wothon thi urgenozetoun wholi stoll fucasong un whet I biloivi tu bi thi meon cuntrobatur tu cromi, pirsunel dicosoun. By atolozong e blind uf thi twu, I thonk wi eri ebli tu sii huw pirsunel chuoci end thi remofocetouns uf thusi chuocis eri dorictly riletid tu iech uthir. Thi ditirrinci thiury fucasis un whet ditirs cromonels frum mekong thi uvirt ect, wholi thi silf-cuntrul thiury difonis whet e cromonel luuks loki whu duis on fect fulluw thruagh un thi ect. Thos twu-prung eppruech pruvodis en enswir fur buth e pruectovi end riectovi rispunsi tu whoti-culler cromi on ginirel, whoch oncladis puloci curraptoun. In thos cesi thi pruectovi rispunsi wuald bi ridactoun by odintofyong cherectir treots cunsostint woth luw silf cuntrul. Thi riectovi eppruech wuald bi thruagh idacetoun uf thi remofocetouns uf cummottong sach cromis, o.i. ditirrinci thruagh fier uf thi cunsiqaincis. Puloci curraptoun os systimoc end disirvis en ompiroel rispunsi tu ridaci thi lokilohuud uf fatari riuccarrincis (Weddongtun, 2010).