Psychology is defined as the science of mind and behavior its immediate goal is to understand humanity by both discovering general principles and exploring specific cases. There have been numerous developments of psychology thanks to the magnificent works of Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, and Sigmund Freud. Each discovery has its own point of view; Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development point was made for parents and teachers challenge the child's abilities, Kohlberg’s theory of Moral Development was based on the understandings of moral concepts such as justice, rights, equality and human welfare. The Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development centered on the effects of the sexual pleasure drive on the individual psyche. Jean Piaget is known as the greatest and most influential biologist in the field of developing theories no one’s research had an impact on cognitive development like his work. Mr. Piaget is a Swiss psychologist, and his main point of research was that children go through four different stages growing up. He got interested in studying the mind of children while working in Binet’s IQ labs in Paris, France. His research also included the organism adapting and behaving in the environment. Piaget’s work showed that when a baby is born a sense of instincts that are known best as “reflexes” and also the baby can easily adapt to different scenarios. An example is with the feeding of the baby when a baby is drinking milk from the mother’s breast it is different from drinking milk from a bottle. Another term that Jean Piaget used in his research is Assimilation which is known as the process by which a person takes materials and information into the brain from the environment or surroundings, and sometimes it may mean t... ... middle of paper ... ...we cannot truly know ourselves, since what becomes conscious can be either a partial or masked truth. To really know our true self, years of therapy are needed, the goal of which is to lower these defense mechanisms to bring the unconscious to the conscious. Works Cited Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2003). Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved [date] from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cogsys/piaget.html Stwertka, Eve. Psychoanalysis: from Freud to the Age of Therapy. New York: Franklin Watts, 1988. Print. Stevens, Anthony. Freud and Jung: A Dual Introduction. Oxford UP, 1989. Print. Porter, Laurence M. The Interpretation of Dreams: Freud's Theories Revisited. Boston, Mass.: Twayne, 1987. Print. Crain, W.C. (1985). Theories of development. Prentice-Hall
On August 9, 1896, Jean Piaget was born into this world not knowing he was going to be such an influence on the educational world today. “It is possible to give a rough definition of Piaget’s principal scientific concerns in a single sentence: he is primarily interested in the theoretical and experimental investigation of the qualitative development of intellectual structures” (Flavell, 1963, p. 15). Piaget was a theorist who placed an emphasis on the development of social behavior and nature as they contributed to cognitive development. When looking at cognitive development, you are focusing on problem-solving and how it develops throughout childhood.
In the early 1900s, Sigmund Freud proposed that dreams serve as a gateway between a dreamers’ conscious and his subconscious thoughts (Mccurdy, 1946). Many ideas and information were condensed into a single dream. The dream displaced important parts and insignificant parts of the dream to confuse the dreamer. Certain objects would be introduced into the dream to symbolize the embryonic substance of the dream (Sprengnether, 2003). The dreamer would then comprehend the dream, thus generating the content of th...
Piaget (1936) was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Piaget placed great importance on the education of children. According to Piaget, children are born with a basic mental structure on which all learning and knowledge is based. They challenge the behaviourist theory as most of their research was done on animals and is missing knowledge. The implications of this theory are that not only should we be interest in the answer the learner gives but also the method of how they got there. I find that due to the gaps in the learner’s education, they may be missing important parts that they have had to find out for themselves these methods are not always the easiest ways of calculating. I try and make it as stress free as possible so will demonstrate other methods that may be easier for them. Piagets theory accepts that children go through the same development stages but that they may go through at different times, I ensure I make effort to cater for these different paces and ensure tasks are differentiated to accommodate this. I am aware however that this theory relates to children’s development, and I work with adults, I can still apply parts of this
Many people have made astounding contributions to the school of psychology. One of them was Jean Piaget and his theories on the cognitive developmental stages. Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland on August 9, 1896. He received a doctorate in biology at the age of 22. When he was younger, he became instantly interested in psychology and began researching and studying it. In Piaget’s research, he created an inclusive theoretical system for the development of cognitive abilities. His work was similar to Sigmund Freud, but Piaget focused on the way children think and obtain knowledge. At the age of ten, he wrote his first scientific paper. As a young teen, he was publishing papers in earnest. He was considered a great expert in the field.
“The influence of Piaget’s ideas in developmental psychology has been enormous. He changed how people viewed the child’s world and their methods of studying children. He was an inspiration to many who came after and took up his ideas. Piaget's ideas have generated a huge amount of research which has increased our understanding of cognitive development.” (McLeod 2009). Piaget purposed that we move through stages of cognitive development. He noticed that children showed different characteristics throughout their childhood development. The four stages of development are The Sensorimotor stage, The Preoperational Stage, The Concrete operational stage and The Formal operational stage.
Piaget, (J), (1896-1980), carried out case studies on his own children to study the stages of cognitive development. Piaget concluded that the child was an organism which adapts to the environment, he also studied with the opinion that all children went through the same set stages of development and that there were no individual differences.
For this paper I will be exploring Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Swiss Psychologist Jean Piaget, theorized that children progress through four key stages of cognitive development that change their understanding of the world. By observing his own children, Piaget came up with four different stages of intellectual development that included: the sensorimotor stage, which starts from birth to age two; the preoperational stage, starts from age two to about age seven; the concrete operational stage, starts from age seven to eleven; and final stage, the formal operational stage, which begins in adolescence and continues into adulthood. In this paper I will only be focusing on the preoperational stage, a stage of development that focuses on what children are not able to do yet. Piaget stated that during this stage, children do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate information, and can’t see the point of view of other people. Form this stage Piaget was able to develop the concept of conservation, “the awareness that altering an objects or substances appearance does not change its basic properties (Santrock, 2013)”. Children lack the understanding that things appear different to other people and that objects can change in appearance but still have the same properties.
Jean Piaget was a successful and inspirational man. He is known all over the world and has contributed to the fields of psychology, sociology, philosophy, and education. Jean was born in Switzerland in 1896 to Arthur Piaget, a professor of literature at the University. He developed an interest in psychoanalysis at the University of Zurich. He was employed at the Binet Institute where he realized through his studies that there are differences in the way children and adults think. Piaget developed four stages of cognitive development. He was very interested in the way children think and so he did many case studies. Jean Piaget formed a theory of cognitive development that deals with “the process of coming to know and the stages we move through
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development helps us to understand the developmental stages of a child from birth to 7 years of age. According to Jean Piaget, children are forever processing information and adapting them to their environment. They become “aware” of their surroundings and act according to its demands. You see Piaget, while observing his own children and others, discovered that infants and toddlers learn through exploring and playing. During his four stages of cognitive development, children are constantly learning through a process of assimilation and accommodation.
Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2003). Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved April 28th 2011from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cogsys/piaget.html
Sigmund Freud developed the psychosexual stages of development to describe the chronological process of development that took place from birth through later adulthood. The stages of psychosexual are oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Freud developed that as children grow they progress from self-pleasing sexual activity to reproductive activity. Through this developmental process one will develop adult personality. Freud put much emphasis on sexual context of how ones libido, which is one sexual desires played a role in each stage of development. Freud emphasizes that individuals will strive to obtain pleasures in each stage of development, which becomes the basis of ones personality.
Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory is focused on the belief that development precedes learning, specifically upon individual development of one’s knowledge through independent learning and experiences (Lourenco, 2012). Piaget’s theory discusses how an individual’s surroundings affect their development resulting in a series of changes in the understandings of their environment.
Piaget’s theory hinges on the idea that individuals complete the process of cognitive development in four distinct stages, without much social influence. Piaget’s theory also focuses on the idea that cognitive development ends at adolescence (Lourenco, 2012). Two important components of Piaget’s theory are organization and adaptation. Organization refers to an individual’s classification of knowledge in terms of schema, which are tools for learning about the world, and operation, which is an individual’s internalized portion of cognitive structure. Adaptation refers to the process of intellectual growth through assimilation, which involves applying existing schema to new situations, and accommodation, which involves changing existing schema to fit new situations. Piaget developed his theory through the observation of both his own children, and other children (Obukhova,
Sigmund Freud’s psychosocial theory of human development has laid down the foundations for modern psychology and resulted in the birth of a newfound awareness of the role of sexuality in human functioning. Despite the controversy surrounding Freud’s theory, it has made an astounding impact to discoveries and knowledge of the psych and human behavior.
For Freud, psychosexual theory occurred when personality arises, as it tries to resolve conflicts between unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses and the societal demands to suppress these impulses. In general, psychoanalytic theorists are permeated with notions of human development, and how the child changes during the course of his maturation in an explicit and implicit perspective.