Fluidized Catalytic Cracking is a technology in petroleum refining where heavier petroleum fractions are converted to more valuable lighter fractions like LPG, gasoline and diesel.
Introduction:
In petroleum refining, crude oil is distilled at atmospheric pressure to recover valuable petroleum products like LPG, Naphtha, Kero, ATF and Diesel. The residual heavier fraction, which has little commercial value, is further distilled under vacuum to separate Light Vacuum Gas Oil (LVGO), Heavy Vacuum Gas Oil (HVGO) and Vacuum Residue.
LVGO and HVGO are high boiling petroleum fractions with long carbon chains (number of carbon atoms in a molecule greater than fourteen). These long carbon chains can be cracked into small carbon chain products like LPG, gasoline and diesel at high temperatures and the process is called Cracking. The cracking of heavy hydrocarbons occurs through the formation of intermediate free radicals by the breaking of a carbon-carbon bond or carbon-hydrogen bond at high temperature.
Why Fluidized Catalytic Cracking?
During the process of thermal cracking, reactive products polymerize to form coke in the reactor when heated to high temperatures. Coking results in loss of yield, mechanical failure of equipments, fouling and poor operational performance.
Coking can be significantly reduced by: a) achieving cracking at lower temperatures and b) by reducing the residence time inside a reactor. Former can be achieved by use of a catalyst that promotes cracking reaction and later factor can be achieved by fluidization inside a rector. Use of catalyst and fluidization in a cracking process is termed as Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC).
Advantages of Catalytic Cracking over thermal cracking:
1. Catalytic cracking gives mor...
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...as a fuel internally. Typical FCC yields are:
Fraction UOM Value
Dry gas Wt% 3.65
LPG Vol% 28.04
Naphtha Vol% 57.9
LCO Vol% 18.41
Bottoms- Fuel Oil Vol% 6.59
Coke Wt% 5.18
Data taken from (Wilson, 1997, p. 59)
Yields of fractions change with prolonged catalyst usage, variation in temperature, feed distribution etc.
Emissions:
The process involves significant emissions which include Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide from the regeneration section. Unrecovered catalyst particles travelling with flue gas can act as particulate matter.
Works Cited
Fluidized Catalytic Cracking. (n.d.). Retrieved January 15, 2014, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_catalytic_cracking
Julius Scherzer, A. G. (1996). Hydrocracking Science and Technology. New York: MARCEL DEKKER, Inc.
Wilson, J. W. (1997). Fluid Catalytic Cracking Technology and Operations. PennWell Books.
hydrocarbons that forms during the extraction of natural gas and is used as a thinning
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,n.d. web. 21 May 2014 Petroleum engineering. Encyclopedia Britannica. N.P., n.d. Web.
The process need toluene and hydrogen as a main reactor. Then, toluene and hydrogen are converted in a reactor packed with catalyst to produce benzene and methane. This reaction is exothermic and the operating conditions are 500 0C to 660 0C, and 20 to 60 bar of pressure. This process begins with mixing fresh toluene with a stream of recycle unreacted toluene, and the mixing is achieved in a storage tank. Then, the toluene is pumped to combine it with a stream of mixed hydrogen and fresh hydrogen gas. The mixture of toluene and hydrogen is preheated before it is introduce to the heater or furnace. In the furnace, the stream is heated to 600 0C, then introduced into the reactor. Basically, the main reactions occurs in the reactor.
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