From the beginning, efficiency and speed in the telecommunications industry has advanced at a fast pace owing to fiber optic technology. In 1979, AT&T filled the telecommunications industry with revolutionary ideas by developing a mode for data transmission using a light, called fiber optic cable. This mode produced a bandwidth of 44.736 Mbps and could multiplex 672 trunk circuits on one fiber alone (Cole, M. 2000). However, this development was merely the start of a huge extension to telecommunications, something that would transform the industry constantly. Although AT&T brought in fiber optic technology in 1979, they weren’t the first company to think of such a creative idea. The conception of interchanging data by making use of light was the idea of by Alexander Graham Bell in 1800s. Bell always thought of the prospective that pulses of light can transfer voice signals, but on no account Bell had a reliable light source to experiment on the idea (Cheo, P. 1990). In 1880, Bell patented-- the Photophone—a phone which operates by means of optical transmission. Unfortunately, Bell’s invention was of no success for the reason that it applies air as the mode of transmitting light instead of the glass fibers that are applied today. Copper wire was basically more dependable than Bell’s device at the point, causing his Photophone to fail (Hecht, J. 1999). Elaborating on Bell’s concept, John Logie Bard, an English scientist, and Clarence W. Hansell, an American scientist, patented the design employing empty glass pipes to carry television scenes in the 1920s. Still, the tubes patented were below standard and underwent signal failure very easily. Bard and Hansell also stumble upon the similar difficulty Bell had, not getting a steady, ... ... middle of paper ... ...oduction to Telecommunications: Voice, Data, and the Internet”. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2000. Concise Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. “Fiber Optic Systems:OVERVIEW. 1994. Retrieved from Fotec. “Lennie Lightwave’s Guide To Fiber Optic Jargon”. Retrieved from Greatest Achievements. “Greatest Achievements - 18. Laser and Fiber Optics”. 2000. Retrieved from Hecht, J. “Fiber Optic History”. 1999. Retrieved from Microsoft Encarta Online. “Fiber Optics”. 1997. Retrieved from Stafford, E., & McCann J. Fiber Optics and Laser Handbook. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, Inc. 1988
The ‘Golden Age of Television’ is what many refer to as the period between the 1950s and 60s when the television began to establish itself as a prevalent medium in the United States. In 1947, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), and the Du Mont Network were the four main television networks that ran stations with regular programming taking place. (Television, 2003) While regular television programming was a new innovation, the television itself had been commercially available for over twenty years prior to the 50s. It was conceived by many worldly innovators and went through several testing stages before it was finally completed in the late twenties. The three main innovators were Niplow - who first developed a rotating disk with small holes arranged in a spiral pattern in 1884, Zworykin - who developed the Iconoscope which could scan pictures and break them into electronic signals (a primitive form of the Cathode Ray Tube) in 1923, and lastly Fansworth - who demonstrated for the first time that it was possible to transmit an electrical image in 1927. (Rollo, 2011) However, one of the many reasons why this medium was successful in the 50s was due to the fact that it became more accessible to the public. Television sets were more affordable to middle class citizens which created further interest in the new technology. Through an historical account of the medium, the spread of television across America throughout this particular decade will be examined.
Morse code and the telegraph were ingenious yet simple. Operators used a simple method of dots and dashes for letters and numbers. When the Morse Key was pressed the electric circuit was open and when released the electric circuit was closed. The electrical current traveled through the wire to a printer device that printed a tape of the code message which an operator would translate. This simple solution to communicating long distance has improved and evolved into a newer technology, the packet switch. The single signal wire has evolved into fiber optics. Communicating one at a time has evolved into mass communication.
In September 1959 DiVita asked 2nd Lt. Richard Sturzebecher if he knew of a way to produce a strong glass fiber that would be capable of carrying a light signal. Sturzebecher had melted 3 triaxil glass systems together for his senior exam at Alfred University. In his exam, Sturzebecher had used SiO2, a glass powder produced by Corning. Whenever he had tried to look at the substance through a microscope he would end up with headache. Sturzebecher realized that these headaches came from the high amounts of white light produced from the microscopes light that was reflected through the eyepiece via the SiO2. SiO2 would be an ideal substance for transmitting strong light signals if it could be developed into a strong fibre.
The Bell Telephone company actually started with that famous telegraph wire connection where Alexander Graham Bell could be heard speaking over the wires by Dr. Watson March 10, in 1876.
Sajeev John Department of physics University of Toronto Photonic Band Gap Materials: Engineering the Fundamental Properties of Light. Retrieved from http://cmp.ameslab.gov/PECSVI/ProgramBook/4MondayMorning.pdf
An optical interferometer utilizes the phenomena of interference of light beams based on the wave nature of light. Two-beam interferometry is the most common tool for evaluating optical surfaces. The basic working principle of two beam interferometer is that two wavefronts of coherent light, one is called test object wavefront and other is called reference wavefront, recombine after travelling different paths and give an interference fringe pattern. The geometrical properties of the interference fringe pattern are determined by the difference in optical path traveled by the recombined wave fronts. The interferometers measure the difference in optical paths in units of wave length λ of the light used. Since the optical path is the product of the geometrical path and the refractive index of the medium, an interferometer measures either the difference in geometrical path when beams traverse the same medium or the difference of the refractive index when the geometrical paths are equal.
With an objective to capture light in a series of lines and beams, the television was introduced as a product of moving images. With the help of several investors, Philip T. Farnsworth invented the television in the 1920’s. With help from others including Vladimar Zworkyn, John Baird, and Charles Jenkins, the television underwent many trials and tests before its final completion. In a collaborative effort the previously mentioned men worked to establish a way to broadcast pictures through the colors of black and white to its present color TV. Television images are portrayed simultaneously around the network.” Accurate timing of devices and split-second movements of cameras are the essentials of television operation” (Television Volume III, 1938, p.1).
When first discovered, lasers were thought to be the ‘cure all’ for modern scientific problems. Although many limitations have been realized, lasers are slowly improving many different aspects of our lives. From eye surgery to industrial precision cutting and fabrication to medical marvels like tattoo removal, surgery, and even destroying isolated cancer cells, lasers continue to be a behind-the-scenes tool for improving our lives. Many people have heard of the lasers, but few know that the term is actually an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Even still, fewer could explain how a laser works.
As the telephone was a faster and less tedious way of sending information, more people, who formerly used telegraphs, began to use it instead. Telegraph companies were losing business, and fast, to the object you and I can’t live without. The telephone’s gaining popularity was eventually going to end the use of the device that changed the world before, its predecessor, the telegraph.
Fiber optic SPR sensor has various advantages compared to conventional prism-based SPR sensor such as miniaturization, simplified optical design, remote sensing, high sensitivity due to SPR as well as real-time analysis and online detection [17]. Due to the structural particularity of optical fiber, propagation of light beam within it is very complex. Depend on the past experiences on fiber optic sensor, it was difficult to obtain high reliability and accuracy. Besides, the detection accuracy may decrease due to chromatic dispersion that exists in fiber optic SPR sensors. By using Maxwell’s equation, theoretical analysis of the sensing mechanism and calculation algorithms of all configurations were obtained [18, 19]. Recently, theoretical analysis on effect of the propagation of skew ray which occupies the most part of light beam in fiber optic SPR sensor is neglected [20]. On the other hand, simultaneous analysis of multiple samples has ...
The first wavelength division multiplexing system combined two signals and was created 1985, modern systems can handle 160 signals. Telecommunications companies like this technique because they can easily upgrade there lines without having to overhaul the network backbone. It uses same idea of FDM but with fiber-optic cables. The line assigns each signal a particular wavelength.
Beginning all the way back in the year 1880, people have wanted to able to communicate with devices wirelessly. One of the earliest events of this occurred when Alexander Graham Bell invented the photophone that allowed people to have an auditory conversation without wires by using light beams. They would have never guessed that over the next one hundred or so years, we would be able to share information wirelessly and charge our mobile devices without having to plug them into an electrical outlet.
Fiber Optic communication can be defined as a communication technology that is designed to make use of light to carry and transmit data and information. In fiber optic communication, the fiber optic cable is defined as the part transmits the light from one point to another point. The fiber optic cable is also referred to as a ‘light-pipe'. Its name easilydescribes its function as the fiber optic cableis designed in such a way that it allows light to go through its surface, in the process, extremely little loss is experienced. High quality communication cable, in most cases, compromises of glass to be precise, silicon dioxide. Glass is usually easily broken and brittle. However, when made thinner even thinner than a normal human hair, it is now becomes extremely strong and flexible. Optic fiber is not just any other normal light. Fiber optic as a light is seen to be transparent, at a very precise wavelength of light that is in terms of color. Usually, fiber optic, at 1550 nm, is extremely transparent. If it were visible to the human eye it would be viewed as a reddish color.
Fiber optics is a new technology that uses rays of light instead of electricity to transmit information over optical fibers at very high speeds. The optical fibers are usually thin strands of glass that are combined into cables and used to send information and computer data in the form of pulses of light. The optical fibers provide much clearer transmission than conventional copper cable and satellite links. The world market for optical fiber continues to grow rapidly, with shipments increasing 14 percent from an estimated 7.0 million kilometers of fiber in 1990 to approximately 8.0 million in 1991. The demand for multimode fiber is predicted to continue to expand through the mid-1990s, with some market analysts indicating that 15 to 20 percent annual growth over the next three years is reasonable. Strong demand is expected for singlemode and multimode fiber to be used in cables for local area networks, telecommunications, cable television (CATV), and transoceanic fiber-optic systems.
The telephone provides a perfect example of the integration of the newest technologies in a large, complex, electronic system controlled by computers and micro-processors. Fiber optics, networking and wireless communications are among the many technologies incorporated into the telephone system in recent years. Computers have been added to control the system and provide many specialized custom services. One of the most important tasks of the computers is to de...