Group IV Project: Unique Properties of Water
There are different properties (anomalies) of water which are unique. The uniqueness of water comes from its molecular structure. The polarity of water molecules is a consequence of hydrogen bonding. The meaning of polarity is that the molecule has both a positively and a negatively charged end, so water has a slight positive and slight negative charge on opposite ends. Water’s polarity is in charge of dissolving other molecules like sugars and ionic compounds. Water is known as the “universal solvent” because it has the ability of dissolving many substances. A water molecule is made when two hydrogen atoms are combined with one oxygen atom. Cohesion is where molecules tend to stick together due to hydrogen bonding, meaning that hydrogen bonding can hold together water molecules. The specific heat of water is much more higher than the specific heat of other substances. Water is known to exist in three different states, which are a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Water is a liquid between 0 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees celsius, which is the temperature range from freezing point to boiling point.
An experiment involving the uniqueness of water is the “droplets on a penny” experiment. The aim of this experiment was to show the cohesion and surface tension of water molecules. To do this experiment, a penny, eyedropper, and water will be needed. The eyedropper should have water in it so the water droplets can fall onto the penny. The water droplets are to be counted until any amount of water runs off the edge of the penny. The number of droplets are to be recorded.
Trial 1 Trial 2
Water (amount of droplets on penny) 20 26
Cohesion is present in the “droplets on a penny” experiment because as the H2O molecules fall upon the penny, they attract each other to make a bigger H2O molecule. Surface tension is present since it describes the cohesion between water molecules. After a certain number of droplets are on the penny, the water overflows, causing the molecules to separate from each other.
Another experiment is the “specific heat capacity of water” experiment. In this experiment, the aim is to find specific heat capacity of water by measuring temperature change at certain time periods. The materials needed for this experiment are a stopwatch, electric heater, thermometer, and water. The procedure is to have water heated in the electric heater and using a thermometer measure the temperature change at time periods of 30 seconds, 1 minute, 1 and half minutes, and 2 minutes.
The purpose of this lab was to calculate the specific heat of a metal cylinder
the mass and initial temperature of the water. Next, impale the food sample on the needle. Next, light
Molecules attract one another’s opposite partial pole due to London dispersion and Coulomb force. Substances in a mixture are not chemically bonded. There are four types of intermolecular bonds with ethanol which are London dispersion, dipole-dipole, covalent, and hydrogen. Ethanol will interact with water and bond producing a tightly bonded mixture, where as vegetable oil does not mix with water molecules. Theses structures are depicted in the figure below:
After 10 minutes was up, the test tube that contained the metal sample was removed from the boiling water using a folded paper towel to grasp the beaker. The test tube was then dried with a second paper towel and the metal contents were poured into the calorimeter. The thermometer was taken and placed within the calorimeter and that metal was moved around inside of the calorimeter to change the temperature of the water. The highest water temperature observed was recorded.
Every chemical element or compound have specific properties that make them different than the other. However, these properties help us to understand every element or compound in which they can be used and how we can deal with them. These properties can be chemical properties which are defined as "that property must lead to a change in the substances ' chemical structure", such as heat of combustion and flammability ("Physical and Chemical…"). Also, these properties can be physical properties which are defined as the properties "that can be measured or observed without changing the chemical nature of the substance", such as mass, volume, boiling and freezing points ("Physical and Chemical…"). These two properties are related to each other. For
The results for the heat capacities of the calorimeters were determined using the hot and cold water tests. Data was gathered from this experiment and calculations were preformed that resulted in the figures shown in table 1.
on how long it takes to heat up. If we heat a large volume of water it
4) Measure the temperature of the boiling water with the thermometer. This will help us calculate the change in temperature for the two metal samples later.
Berkeley introduces his water experiment in order to demonstrate that in perception the perceiver does not reach the world itself but is confined to a realm of representations or sense data. We will attempt to demonstrate that Berkeley's description of our experience at the end of the water experiment is inauthentic, that it is not so much a description of an experience as a reconstruction of what we would experience if the receptor organs (the left and right hands) were objects existing in a space partes extra partes. Our argument is that there is nothing in our experience of the illusion to suggest that under normal conditions perception does not reach the world itself.
When in solution, the hydronium and chloride ions formed will be partially surrounded by water molecules via ion-dipole bonds, an electrostatic force of attraction that exists between charges in the ions and the partial charges in the water molecules. Water molecules surrounding ions is called hydration.
2. What observation leads you to believe there is a force of attraction between water
For this experiment we took two different molecule and virtually dissected them finding everything about them including: bond length, bond angles, the charge on each atom, the non bonded distances between atoms and the energy difference between the highest and lowest molecular orbital.
The water molecule is a very small one but because of its unique properties it behaves like
Adhesive Force: The attractive forces between unlike molecules. In some cases adhesion causes the liquid to cling to the surface where it rests.
The last part of experiment 5, was learning about specific gravity and temperature. Specific gravity does not have any units, it is unitless. When measuring for the temperature, we used a thermometer to calculate the Celsius of the water, 10% sodium chloride, and isopropyl alcohol. The specific gravity uses a hydrometer to measure the gravity of the liquids. Using the hydrometer, to figure out the measurements we have to look at it from top to bottom. The water for specific gravity was .998 while the temperature of it was 24